反垄断法视角下合理数据交易价格的形成机制——基于供需与价值的分析  

Pricing mechanism for data transactions:an antitrust law approach

作　　者：沈伟[1] 陈徐安黎 SHEN Wei;CHEN Xu-an-li

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200030

出　　处：《东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期98-108,148,共12页Journal of Southeast University(Philosophy and Social Science)

摘　　要：数据是新质生产力发展的重要新型生产要素,数据交易是数据流通的重要方式。但是,数据行业的垄断特性和交易价格机制的标准不确定性、不统一性影响了数据交易积极功能的发挥。现有数据定价方案仅提供了经济学意义上的合理性论证,未关注到数据交易的价格合法性问题,《反垄断法》有助于兼顾垄断规制需求和市场化定价需求,促进数据交易自由竞争与创新,与数据交易价格机制的内在要求相符合,可以作为确定数据交易价格合法性的重要依据。供需和价值是影响价格最重要的因素,拒绝交易和垄断高价构成影响供需平衡和价值确定的核心问题。拒绝交易制度不得绕开市场支配地位的认定,需要更为严格地确定竞争损害效果,由数据需求方承担举证责任。劳动价值论肯定了成本和劳动对价格的基础性作用,数据交易标的可依此进行类型化划分,狭义的数据产品和数据资本的定价包含原始数据集合价格和附加于其上的数据加工劳动两个部分,后者可以通过任务定价的模式确定。以成本-利润比较法和替代性竞争价格法为基础的垄断高价定量模式是认定原始数据集合交易合理价格的基础,具体包含品质定价法和市场定价法。垄断高价的定性模式注重价格的公平性,为确定数据交易价格的合法边界提供了法律依据。企业需要避免在数据交易定价中发生固定价格、排他性价格或价格歧视等行为,并注重价格构成的合理性。Data,as a critical new factor in advancing new-quality productive forces,relies on data transactions as a vital channel for its circulation.However,the monopoly of the data industry and the non-standardized,inconsistent pricing mechanisms undermine the positive role of data transactions.The existing pricing frameworks for data focus solely on economic rationality and neglect the legal validity of transaction prices.Antitrust law,by reconciling monopoly regulation with market-driven pricing,aligns with the intrinsic requirements of data transaction pricing mechanisms and fosters free competition and innovation.It thus serves as a crucial legal basis for ensuring price legitimacy in data transactions.Supply-demand dynamics and value determination are the most significant factors influencing pricing.Refusal to deal and monopoly pricing emerge as core issues disrupting supply-demand equilibrium and value assessment.The refusal-to-deal doctrine must not circumvent the determination of market dominance;instead,it requires stricter scrutiny of competitive harm,with the burden of proof placed on data purchasers.The labor theory of value affirms the foundational role of costs and labor in pricing,enabling a typological classification of data transaction subjects.The pricing of narrowly defined data products and data capital incorporates two components:the price of raw data collections and the value added by data processing labor.The latter can be determined through task-based pricing models.A monopoly pricing quantification framework,grounded in cost-profit comparison and substitute competitive pricing,forms the basis for identifying reasonable prices in raw data transactions.This framework includes quality-based pricing and market-based pricing.The qualitative assessment of monopoly pricing prioritizes price fairness,establishing legal boundaries for legitimate data transaction prices.Enterprises must avoid price-fixing,exclusive pricing,or price discrimination in data transactions and ensure the rationality of price com

关 键 词：数据交易 拒绝交易制度 垄断高价 《反垄断法》 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]