清末《奏定学堂章程》的语言治理逻辑与当下启示  

The Logic of Language Governance in the Presented School Regulation by Late Qing Dynastyand Its Contemporary Implications

作　　者：赵怿怡[1] 李晗[2] 张帆 ZHAO Yiyi;LI Han;ZHANG Fan(School of Humanities,Xiamen University,Xiamen,Fujian,China 361005;School of Liberal Arts,Nanjing University,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China 210023)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学中文系,福建厦门361005 [2]南京大学文学院,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《昆明学院学报》2025年第2期17-25,共9页Journal of Kunming University

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“联合国语言政策的历史演进与当代实践研究”(23AYY015);国家语委重点项目“新文科背景下的语言学学科建设研究”(ZDA145-7);“联合国语言政策80年演进与启示”(ZDI145-89)。

摘　　要：面对西学东渐引发的文化危机,晚清政府于1904年颁布中国近代首个国家教育纲领《奏定学堂章程》,实现了语言治理从民间自发到国家制度的范式转型。分析《章程》中语言治理策略的具体表现、驱动因素、实践效果及后续影响,可以发现,《章程》通过推广官话、强化文言文教育、分层规划外语教学、管控翻译活动等策略,试图在构建民族共同体认同、维护国家文化安全以及适应现代化需求的实用主义之间寻求平衡。《章程》所见语言治理逻辑呈现多元主体协同、复合手段并用的特征。虽然难以避免历史局限性,具体实施效果也不尽如人意,但《章程》促成了较为完备和连贯的外语教学体系,对教学语言选择和教学课程设置都有深刻影响。此外,《章程》受民间切音字运动的影响,最终又反哺国语运动、白话文运动等语言文字改革。研究试图揭示语言治理在国家治理中的重要作用,并为构建本土化语言治理提供历史维度的理论参照。With the cultural risks raised by the western learning spreading to the east,the Presented School Regulation promulgated by late Qing government in 1904 is the first national education program in modern China,which realizes the paradigm transformation of language governance from folk spontaneity to the state institutions.The analysis of the detailed manifestation,driving factors,practical effect and the ensuing effects in the Regulation shows that the Regulation attempts to seek a balance between national identity,national cultural security,and pragmatismwhich adapts to the needs of modernization through promoting mandarin,strengthening classical Chinese language education,layering to plan for foreign language teaching and controlling translation activities.The features such as diverse subject collaboration and composite methods are found for the logics of language governance in the Regulationapplies.Despite the historical limitations and unsatisfactory practice effect,the Regulation has promoted a relatively complete and coherent foreign language teaching system,which has a profound impact on the choices of teaching language and the setting of teaching courses.In addition,the Regulation ultimately contributed to language and writing reforms such as the National Language Movement and the Vernacular Language Movement.This study not only reveals the important role of language governance in national governance,but also provides a historically theoretical reference for constructing localized language governance theories.

关 键 词：《奏定学堂章程》 语言治理 驱动性因素 翻译政策 当下启示 

分 类 号：H002[语言文字—语言学]