论马克思政治经济学批判的抽象化前提--以近代自然科学的抽象形式为参照  

The Premises of Abstraction in Capital--A Reference to the Abstract Forms of Modern Natural Science

作　　者：张红柳 ZHANG Hong-liu(School of Marxism,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China)

机构地区：[1]天津城建大学马克思主义学院,天津300384

出　　处：《内蒙古社会科学》2025年第3期70-76,共7页Inner Mongolia Social Sciences

基　　金：福建省社科规划项目“规范论视域下马克思共同体思想的深层结构与当代价值研究”(编号:FJ2024B189)。

摘　　要：近代以来,“自然数学化”“空间几何化”等抽象形式是在唯名论革命的背景下通过柏拉图主义的复兴而得以实现的。但这些抽象形式难以应对亚里士多德主义的挑战,也无法摆脱自身理论体系贯彻到底所导致的“悖论”,更无法克服“科学世界”与“生活世界”的分裂。马克思《资本论》通过“生产(劳动)一般”“商品交换价值”与“社会必要劳动时间”的三重抽象,批判性地构造了“资本”这个“思想的具体”。马克思以“现实的具体”与“思想的具体”之间的异质性为基础,自觉地限定了抽象的性质;在处理“抽象的规定”与“具体的总体”之间的关系时,马克思是从否定的方面而不是从肯定的方面表述“思想的具体”的,因而不会导致理论的“悖论”;相对于近代自然科学将人视为“第二性质”而被驱逐出科学之外,马克思始终将人视为“第一性质”的存在。因此,马克思《资本论》的抽象化前提不仅超越了近代自然科学抽象化形式的局限,而且为破解“抽象”与“具体”之间的长期对立提供了全新的思路。The abstract forms of modern natural science,such as mathematicalization of nature and geometrized space,were set in the backdrop of the nominalist revolution and rely on a strong Platonic premise.However,these abstract forms had to address the challenges posed by Aristotelianism,but also failed to escape the paradoxes inherent in its own theoretical system when fully implemented,and ultimately cannot resolve the division between the scientific world and the life-world.Marx's Capital critically constructed the concrete in thinking of capital through the threefold abstraction of production(labor)in general,commodity exchange value,and socially necessary labor time.Since Marx grounded his analysis on the heterogeneity between the concrete in actuality and the concrete in thinking,he consciously limited the quality of abstraction.in addressing the relationship between abstract determination and the concrete totality,Marx articulated the concrete in thinking from a negative rather than a positive perspective,thereby avoiding theoretical paradoxes.Contrasting with modern natural science,which treated humans as a secondary quality and excluded them from scientific inquiry,Marx consistently regarded humans as the beings of primary quality.Thus,the abstractions in Marx's Capital not only transcended the limitations of the abstraction forms in modern natural science but also offered a new approach to resolve the longstanding dichotomy between abstract and concrete.

关 键 词：自然科学 抽象 唯名论 马克思 社会科学 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] F0-0[经济管理—政治经济学]