“空道”的兴与弃——琉球国家性格的历史考察  

The Rise and Abandonment of“Kūdō”:A Historical Study on the Ryukyu Kingdom’s National Character

作　　者：苏豪 SU Hao

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学文学与新闻传播学院

出　　处：《福建史志》2025年第2期30-39,49,91,92,共13页

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“琉球通史”(编号:21BSS008)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：琉球自明初便加入到封贡体制之中而成为中国的藩属国,但随着日本的强大,1609年萨摩侵琉后,琉球开始陷入到艰难的“两属”境地。为维持琉球自为一国的地位,其开始以“空道”精神及政策游离在中日两国多方势力之中。整体来看,琉球的政治身份经历了从“一属”到“两属”“两属多方”再到强调“一属”的过程,其中东亚国家实力的动态变化、琉球本身的“实力主义”特质、中琉间的情感认同、琉球王室的学统与暗弱等都对这一过程有着不同程度的影响。同时,琉球始终怀有身为藩属、心向中华的特殊情感,而这种情感变化与日本的侵略呈U型关系,其“空道”精神在U型底部也就是1609年萨摩侵琉至明末清初时期最为明显,至“琉球处分”前后彻底放弃。Since the early Ming Dynasty,Ryukyu became a vassal state within China’s imperial tributary system.However,with the rise of Japan’s power,Ryukyu fell into a precarious“dual subordination”after the Satsuma invasion of 1609.To maintain its status as an independent state,Ryukyu adopted the spirit and policy of“Kūdō”(“the way of emptiness”)to drift away between the competing influences of China and Japan.Overall,Ryukyu’s political identity evolved from“single subordination”to“dual subordination”,then to“multi-faceted subordination”,and finally back to an emphasis on“single subordination”.This process was shaped by various factors,including the shifting power dynamics in East Asia,Ryukyu’s own pragmatic“realpolitik”tendencies,the emotional and cultural affinity between China and Ryukyu,as well as the scholarly traditions and political weaknesses of the Ryukyuan royal court.Throughout this period,Ryukyu retained a unique emotional attachment to China as its suzerain,while this sentiment exhibited a U-shaped relationship with Japanese aggression.The spirit of“Kūdō”was most pronounced at the bottom of this U-curve—particularly from the Satsuma invasion in 1609 to the late Ming and early Qing periods—before being completely abandoned around the time of the“Ryukyu Disposition”(1879).

关 键 词：空道 琉球 封贡体制 日本 

分 类 号：K313.3[历史地理—历史学]