应对乡村振兴人力资本缺口的域外经验与启示  

Foreign Experience and Inspiration in Addressing the Human Capital Gap in Rural Revitalization

作　　者：孙贺[1,2] 马丽娟 SUN He;MA Li-juan(School of Marxism,Jilin University;Center for Rural Research,Jilin University,Changchun 130012,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学马克思主义学院 [2]吉林大学农村发展研究中心,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期5-15,共11页Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：吉林省科学技术厅创新发展战略研究项目“吉林省农业农村现代化一体推进对策研究”(20210601041FG);吉林省发改委创新发展战略研究项目“巩固脱贫攻坚成果推动吉林乡村振兴研究”(2021FGWCXNLJSCX11)。

摘　　要：乡村振兴是包括人才振兴在内的系统性工程。人力资本是乡村振兴的基础性和关键性要素,人力资本短缺在一定程度上制约了乡村振兴的实践进程。从世界范围来看,今天中国乡村发展中遭遇的人力资本缺口并不是个案,西方主要发达国家在城市化发展到一定阶段后,都经历过以制度安排引导城市人力资本回流农村的政策实践,积累了应对乡村人力资本缺口的不同做法和经验,为后发国家提供了有益借鉴和参考。中国作为人口大国、农业大国,既要遵循城乡人力资本流动的一般规律,又要兼顾国情实际,发挥政府在推动城市人力资本下乡过程中的导流作用,以完善城市人力资本下乡政策体系为突破口,重点解决乡村人力资本稳定供给问题、乡村振兴对人力资本多元化需求问题、城市人力资本回流的乡村覆盖面问题及城市人力资本乡村沉淀问题,系统性塑造乡村人力资本新格局,为乡村振兴提供坚实的人力资本支撑。Rural revitalization constitutes a systematic endeavor encompassing talent revitalization.As a foundational and pivotal element in rural development,the shortage of human capital has constrained the practical progress of rural revitalization.From a global perspective,China’s current challenges in addressing human capital deficits in rural areas are not exceptional.Major Western developed nations,after reaching specific stages of urbanization,have implemented policy practices that utilize institutional arrangements to redirect urban human capital back to rural regions,thereby accumulating diverse strategies and experiences in mitigating rural human capital shortages.These efforts provide valuable references for late-developing nations.As a populous nation and agricultural powerhouse,China must not only adhere to the general patterns of urbanrural human capital mobility but also integrate its national realities.This requires leveraging the government’s steering role in facilitating urban-to-rural human capital flows,refining the policy framework for urban human capital relocation as a breakthrough point.It must prioritize solutions to the following four critical issues:ensuring sustained human capital supply in rural areas,meeting diversified human capital demands of rural revitalization,expanding the coverage scope of urban human capital redistribution,and establishing retention mechanisms for urban human capital in rural communities.Through these systemic approaches,a new pattern of rural human capital development can be forged,providing robust human capital support for rural revitalization.

关 键 词：人力资本 乡村振兴 人才振兴 人口逆流 域外经验 

分 类 号：F323.6[经济管理—产业经济] D422.6[政治法律—政治学] C964.2[政治法律—国际共产主义运动]