饰终之典:唐代僧人敕葬考  

The Ritual of Burial:A Study of Emperor-decreed Funerals for Tang Dynasty Monks

作　　者：赵青山[1] ZHAO Qing-shan(Dunhuang Studies Institute,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学敦煌学研究所,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期138-150,共13页Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“中古佛教丧葬活动研究”(20BZS035);教育部重大课题攻关项目“敦煌佛教疑伪经全集整理与研究”(22JZD027);甘肃历史文化研究与传播专项课题“文明汇流视野下的敦煌文书整理与研究”(2023ZD012)。

摘　　要：敕葬,是皇帝下旨为王公大臣、功勋贵戚举办的丧葬。为光耀高僧德行以及标榜皇帝追远之恩,唐廷将世俗官员贵戚才有资格享有的高级哀荣,赐予方外之宾,这是皇帝认同和护持佛法的重要表现。而在盛大的丧葬仪式中,亡僧德业也变得具体化和可视化。通过对22位唐代僧人敕葬事例归纳分析可知,他们均是道德高妙的僧人,在僧俗两界拥有重要影响力,与皇室有着密切的关系。获得敕葬的僧人,大多生前与皇帝形成了密切的私人关系,甚至建立了师徒名分。将敕葬恩赐于亡僧,更多地体现了皇帝对亡僧的恩宠。官员贵戚敕葬应有的流程和内容,在僧人敕葬中均有体现,反映了僧人敕葬遵循典章制度的一面;但在具体细节上往往又会有所突破,体现了制度在实际运作过程中变异的一面。Emperor-decreed burial(Chizang)refers to funerals decreed by the emperor for princes,ministers,and meritorious nobles.During the Tang Dynasty,this honor,originally reserved for high-ranking officials and nobility,was extended to eminent monks to glorify their virtues and demonstrate the emperor’s benevolence toward the deceased.This practice symbolized the emperor’s recognition and support of Buddhist teachings.Through grand funeral ceremonies,the moral and spiritual achievements of deceased monks became tangible and visible.An analysis of 22 cases of such funerals for monks reveals that these individuals were highly virtuous,influential in both monastic and secular circles,and closely connected to the royal family.Many of these monks had established personal relationships with the emperor during their lifetimes,sometimes even forming master-disciple bonds.The granting of this kind of funerals to monks primarily reflected the emperor’s personal favor.While the procedures and elements of funerals for officials and nobles were adhered to in monastic funerals,specific details often deviated,highlighting the adaptability of the ritual in practice.

关 键 词：唐代 僧人 敕葬 《丧葬令》 吊慰 赗赙 不空 丧葬 

分 类 号：K820.9[历史地理—历史学]