非遗实践形式与团体传承:以尕兰藏戏团为例  

Intangible Cultural Heritage Practice Forms and Group Inheritance:A Case Study of Galan Tibetan OOppeerraa TTrroouuppee

作　　者：胡冬雯[1,2] HU Dong-wen

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学民族学与社会学学院,成都610064 [2]国家民委人文社科重点研究基地西南民族研究中心

出　　处：《中国藏学》2025年第1期21-29,210,211,共11页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“家屋理论下藏区社会组织现代转变的人类学研究”(项目编号:19CSH057)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：2021年8月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于进一步加强非物质文化遗产保护工作的意见》,其中专门针对健全非物质文化遗产保护传承体系提出探索认定代表性传承团体(群体)的要求。文章以集体承载形式的嘉绒藏戏为例,呈现尕兰藏戏团在40多年的时间里,通过“每家都要有一个人传承”的理念保持嘉绒藏戏的集体实践形式。2008年藏戏团中有个人入选四川省省级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人名录,给戏团带来了物质条件的改善,促进了活态传承。但我国非遗保护工作实行的代表性传承人认定会造成集体实践形式的文化承载者之间的“荣誉”差异。面对非遗工作中保护与旅游收入的双重期待,传承人和团长合作形成一种平衡策略,通过让更多的戏团成员共享传承、保护和展演非遗的“荣誉”,弥合非遗保护制度在实践中的碎片化影响。文章认为推动团体传承认定,是对集体承载文化实践形式的尊重,认可文化承载者行动的主体性与能动性,有助于健全非遗保护制度。同时尕兰藏戏团的民族志案例可以丰富对非遗保护工作开展的理解,推动研究者、文化专家、非遗工作行政人员及各级传承人间的合作,共同促成非遗保护与发展的目标,促进文化价值与精神的共享。In August 2021,the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the"Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage",which specifically put forward the requirement of exploring and recognizing representative inheritance groups(collectives)for improving the protection and inheritance system of intangible cultural heritage.Taking Jiarong Tibetan Opera,which is collectively carried forward,as an example,this article presents how the Galan Tibetan Opera Troupe has maintained the collective practice form of Jiarong Tibetan Opera over more than 40 years through the concept of"every family should have one person to inherit".In 2008,an individual from the opera troupe was selected into the List of Representative Inheritors of Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage in Sichuan Province,which improved the material conditions of the troupe and promoted its living inheritance.However,the identification of representative inheritors implemented in China's intangible cultural heritage protection work may lead to differences in"honors"among the cultural bearers of the collective practice form.Facing the dual expectations of protection and tourism income in intangible cultural heritage work,the inheritor and the troupe leader have cooperated to form a balancing strategy.By enabling more members of the troupe to share the"honors"of inheriting,protecting,and performing intangible cultural heritage,they bridge the fragmented impact of the intangible cultural heritage protection system in practice.This article argues that promoting the identification of group inheritance is a respect for the cultural practice forms collectively carried forward,recognizing the subjectivity and initiative of the actions of cultural bearers,and is conducive to improving the intangible cultural heritage protection system.At the same time,the ethnographic case of the Galan Tibetan Opera Troupe can enrich the understanding of the implementation of

关 键 词：非遗保护 团体传承认定 非遗实践形式 嘉绒藏戏 

分 类 号：J892.4[艺术—戏剧戏曲]