从敦煌写卷和《赛米经》看“孔子与项橐”的故事在藏地的流变  

The Evolution of the Story of Confucius and Xiang Tuo in Xizang:Insights from Dunhuang Manuscripts and the gZer-mig Sutra

作　　者：阿旺嘉措[1,2] 吉西次力 Ngag-dbang rGya-mtshhoo;vJigs-byed Tshe-ring

机构地区：[1]兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心暨历史文化学院,兰州747000 [2]青藏高原人文环境数据智能实验室

出　　处：《中国藏学》2025年第1期60-72,213,214,共15页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“藏族民间苯教经书‘莱坞四典四部广经’的分类整理及研究”(项目编号:15ZDB115);国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学术团队项目“西藏沿边及藏南多语种地名文献的整理与研究”(项目批准号:24VJXT008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：孔子与项橐的故事在唐代盛行,敦煌写卷中相关汉、藏文抄本多达19件,相关藏译版本对后期的藏族历史文学产生了深远的影响。通过初步对比发现,敦煌藏译本的翻译虽忠实于原文,但已经出现本地化倾向。后期的雍仲苯教文献《赛米经》中,孔子与项橐的故事在内容上发生了非常大的变化,可以说除了人物关系和问答的形式之外,已经与敦煌本相去甚远。仔细阅读《塞米经》可以发现,作者将这一故事吸收进文本,并作大的改编,其目的非常明确,就是为了宣扬雍仲苯教的教义,这也是尝试借鉴该故事建构雍仲苯教教法史的策略之一。至此,一个真正意义上的“孔子与项橐”故事的藏地版本出现,并被藏族社会所接受。从此,中原儒家的圣人孔子,在藏族文化中成为占卜、禳解、历算、工巧等方面具有神奇能力的“孔子神变王”,其形象和职能都发生了变化。与此同时,原先表达儒家思想的敦煌藏译本《孔子项橐相问书》的内容慢慢被藏族社会所遗忘。如今,孔子与项橐的故事几经流变,已经成为汉藏人民共享的文化资源,成为汉藏文化交流的一个具体而生动的实例。The story of Confucius and Xiang Tuo was popular in the Tang dynasty,and there are as many as 18 Chinese and Tibetan copies to this story among Dunhuang manuscripts.The Tibetan translation version of this story had a profound impact on later Tibetan historical literature.Through a preliminary comparison,it is found that the Tibetan translation from Dunhuang,though faithful to the original,has already shown a tendency towards localization.In the later Yungdrung Bon text,the gZer-mig Sutra,the story of Confucius and Xiang Tuo has undergone very significant changes in content.It can be said that,except for the character relationship and the form of the dialogue,it is far from the Dunhuang version.A careful reading of the gZermig Sutra reveals that the author incorporated this story into the text and made major adaptations with a clear purpose:to promote the teachings of Yungdrung Bon.This is also one of the strategies for attempting to construct the history of Yungdrung Bon teachings by borrowing this story.Thus,a truly Tibetan version of the story of"Confucius and Xiang Tuo"appeared and was accepted by Tibetan society.From then on,Confucius,the sage of Confucianism in the Central Plains,has become the"Kong tse vphrul gyi rgyal po"(King of Miraculous Transformations of Confucius)in Tibetan culture,possessing miraculous abilities in divination,exorcism,calendrical calculation,and craftsmanship.His image and functions have both changed.At the same time,the content of the Tibetan translation of the Questions and Answers between Confucius and Xiang Tuo in Dunhuang,which originally expressed Confucian ideas,has gradually been forgotten by Tibetan society.Nowadays,after several evolutions,the story of Confucius and Xiang Tuo has become a shared cultural resource for the Han and Tibetan people and a symbol of cultural exchanges between the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups.

关 键 词：孔子 项橐 敦煌写卷 《赛米经》 流变 

分 类 号：I207.9[文学—中国文学]