清代“西藏”考论  

A Study on"Xizang"in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：黄辛建 冯雨晨 HUANG Xin-jian;FENG Yu-chen

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学中华民族共同体学院,成都610041 [2]四川省哲学社会科学重点研究基地“青藏高原经济社会与文化发展研究中心” [3]西南民族大学民族学与社会学学院,成都610041 [4]西南民族大学西南民族研究院,成都610041

出　　处：《中国藏学》2025年第1期84-94,214,215,共13页China Tibetology

基　　金：教育部后期资助重大项目“中华民族共同体视域下清代西藏和涉藏地区行政分界的文献资料整理与研究”(项目编号:22JHQ016);西南民族大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“中华民族共同体历史与文化研究”(项目编号:2024GTTWT02)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：康熙二年,“西藏”这个地名在清代文献中首次出现,时为泛称。康熙末年,“西藏”一词已具明确含义:方圆四五里、有五门的拉萨城,大昭寺在“西藏”内,而达赖喇嘛所居布达拉宫在“西藏”外。雍正时期修纂、乾隆元年成书的《四川通志》和《西域全书》等文献中,“西藏”一词在指称拉萨城的同时,开始作为西藏地区的名称使用。到乾隆初年,“西藏”一词已成为主要使用的西藏专有名称并固定下来、沿用至今。纵观“西藏”一词从泛称转变为专名的过程,正是清中央政府调整治藏方略、加强治藏力度的直观反映,其中的关键和契机是雍正时期实施的川滇藏青行政划界这一重大举措。划界完成之初,西藏地区虽有明确的政区但无专有的名称,“西藏”一词演变为西藏地区的专有名称,实为综合考量下的创造性贡献,更是清朝大一统背景下各民族交往交流交融的体现。In the second year of the Kangxi reign,the place name"Xizang"first appeared in Qing Dynasty documents,and at that time it was a general term.By the end of the Kangxi reign,the term"Xizang"had a clear meaning:Lhasa City,which was about four or five li in circumference and had five gates.The Jokhang Temple was within"Xizang",while the Potala Palace where the Dalai Lama resided was outside Xizang".In documents such as General Records of Sichuan(Sichuan tongzhi)and Complete Book of the Western Regions(Xiyu quanshu),which were compiled during the Yongzheng period and completed in the first year of the Qianlong reign,the term"Xizang"not only referred to Lhasa in a geographical sense but also began to be used as the name of the Xizang region.By the early years of the Qianlong reign,the term"Xizang"had become the main and fixed proper name for the Xizang region and has been used ever since.Looking at the process of the term"Xizang"changing from a general term to a proper name,it is a direct reflection of the Qing central government's adjustment of its strategies for governing Xizang and its strengthening of the control over Xizang.The key and turning point in this process was the major measure of the administrative demarcation among Sichuan,Yunnan,Xizang,and Qinghai implemented during the Yongzheng period.At the beginning of the completion of the demarcation,although the Xizang region had a clear administrative division,it did not have a proper name.The evolution of the term"Xizang"into the proper name of the Xizang region was actually a creative contribution under comprehensive consideration and also a manifestation of the exchanges,interactions,and integrations among various ethnic groups against the backdrop of the great unity of the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：清代 西藏 西藏地名 治藏政策 

分 类 号：K928.6[历史地理—人文地理学]