一战时期“敌侨”汤高达遣返案研究——以海内外所见档案、书信为中心的考察  

A Study on the Repatriation of Antoine Cotta Centered on Archives and Correspondence Observed both Domestically and Internationally

作　　者：郑迎阳 Zheng Yingyang

机构地区：[1]山西大学马克思主义学院,太原030006

出　　处：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2025年第3期145-160,共16页Journal of National Museum of China

摘　　要：北京政府对德、奥宣战后,按照敌侨处置的相关条例和实施办法对敌籍传教士进行处置。在整体处置相对宽松的情况下,在天津传教的汤高达因其主张损害法国保教权等利益而成为法国多番强烈要求北京政府驱逐的对象。北京政府基于国内免遣汤高达的舆情现实,紧紧抓住汤高达国籍不确定一点,并未将其遣返。因法国施压和汤高达上诉而卷入的教廷,围绕天津教区传教情况展开调查,为维护教区秩序,教廷代表选择劝说汤高达离开中国。根据海内外所见与汤高达相关的中法外交档案、教会档案、书信等史料可以基本还原这一案件。由于一战这一特殊背景,汤高达遣返一案在外交和宗教两个领域展开交涉,各方在其中以不同角度维护自身利益,展现了战争背景下复杂的政教纠葛。After declaring war on Germany and Austria,the Peking government dealt with enemy alien missionaries in accordance with the relevant regulations for foreign nationals from enemy countries.Although the overall treatment was relatively lenient,Antoine Cotta,a missionary in Tianjin,was targeted by the France for expulsion because of his advocacy that harmed France's interests like its protectorate of missions.Considering domestic public opinions against the expulsion,the Peking government did not repatriate Antoine Cotta because of his uncertain nationality.The Holy See was involved in because of French pressure and Antoine Cotta's appeal.Investigations were conducted on the missionary work in the Diocese of Tianjin.In order to maintain the order of the diocese,the representative of the Holy See chose to persuade Antoine Cotta to leave China.This case can be basically restored based on diplomatic and church archives,letters and other historical materials related to Antoine Cotta that have been observed both in China and internationally.Due to the special background of World War Ⅰ,the repatriation of Antoine Cotta involved both diplomatic and religious fields,with different parties safeguarding their own interests,demonstrating the complex political and religious entanglements in the context ofwar.

关 键 词：汤高达 一战 敌侨处置 中法交涉 保教权 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]