聚变装置放射性废物产生情况和管理策略初探  

A Preliminary Exploration on Radioactive Waste Generation and Management Strategies in Fusion Devices

作　　者：蒋婧 徐春艳 张庆召 赵凯 车睿 祝兆文 Jiang Jing;Xu Chunyan;Zhang Qingzhao;Zhao Kai;Che Rui;Zhu Zhaowen(Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center,MEE,Beijing 100082,China;CNNP Nuclear Power Operation Management Co.,Ltd.,Jiaxing 314303,China;The 404 Company Limited,China National Nuclear Corporation,Lanzhou 732850,China)

机构地区：[1]生态环境部核与辐射安全中心,北京100082 [2]中核核电运行管理有限公司,嘉兴314303 [3]中核四0四有限公司,兰州732850

出　　处：《核安全》2025年第2期14-22,共9页Nuclear Safety

摘　　要：本文分析了聚变装置(如ITER、JET和CFETR)在运行和退役过程中产生的放射性废物及其处理方式。聚变反应利用氢的同位素(氘和氚)在高温高压条件下融合成氦核,释放巨大能量,具有清洁性和可持续性。聚变装置内部材料会由于中子活化和氚渗透产生放射性废物,本文选取了ITER、JET和CFETR三种典型的托卡马克装置,调研了它们已产生或预期产生的放射性废物情况,并分析了各国的放射性废物分类和处理方式。研究结果表明,聚变装置产生的放射性废物具有数量大、氚含量高、无超铀核素等特点,需根据废物的放射性水平和特性制定专门的处理和处置策略。本文还提出了从源头减少废物产生、制定废物管理路线、加强含氚废物处理等建议,为我国聚变装置放射性废物的处理和处置提供了参考。This article analyzes the radioactive waste generated during the operation and decommissioning of fusion devices such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER),Joint European Torus(JET),and China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR),as well as their treatment methods.Fusion reactions utilize isotopes of hydrogen(deuterium and tritium)to fuse into helium nuclei under high temperature and pressure conditions,releasing enormous energy and possessing cleanliness and sustainability.The internal materials of fusion devices generate radioactive waste due to neutron activation and tritium permeation.This article selects three typical tokamak devices,ITER,JET,and CFETR,to investigate the situation of radioactive waste they have generated or are expected to generate,and analyzes the classification and treatment methods of radioactive waste in various countries.The research results indicate that the radioactive waste generated by fusion devices has the characteristics of a large quantity,high tritium content,and no transuranic nuclides.Special treatment and disposal strategies must be developed based on the radioactivity level and waste characteristics.This article also proposes suggestions,including source reduction of waste generation,development of waste management routes,and enhanced treatment of tritium-containing waste,providing a reference for the treatment and disposal of radioactive waste in fusion devices in China.

关 键 词：聚变装置 放射性废物 含氚废物 废物处理 托卡马克 

分 类 号：X771[环境科学与工程—环境工程]