“美国优先2.0”外交的思想基础、政策内涵及影响前瞻  

The Ideological Basis,Policy Connotation and Forward-Looking Impact of"America First 2.0"Diplomacy

作　　者：史泽华[1] Shi Zehua(Professor at the School of International Relations and Diplomacy,Beijing Foreign Studies University)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《和平与发展》2025年第2期23-47,163,共26页Peace and Development

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地复旦大学美国研究中心重大项目“美国国内政治大变局及其对中美战略博奔的影响研究”(项目编号:22JD810005);北京外国语大学基本科研业务费校级自主选题重点项目“美国社会撕裂的周期性逻辑及外交影响研究”(项目编号:2024J016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“美国优先”是从特朗普1.0时代延续至2.0时代的美国核心外交政策框架。从思想史和意识形态结构理论的视角看,特朗普“美国优先”外交的形成和发展明显受到了传统保守主义和右翼民粹主义两种理念的影响,其中传统保守主义决定了它的战略文化和政策连续性,右翼民粹主义则规定了它的基本世界观和政策指向。而综合来看,“美国优先”作为一种内外贯通、以对外强取为基础的政策选择,是传统保守主义外交理念不断具象化和民粹化的结果,其内涵和形态并未因拜登的4年执政而改变。特朗普再次执政后,“美国优先2.0”外交的实施不仅将加剧当前国际格局中大国关系的对立化并导致国际安全秩序的深度重组,而且将加重全球治理体系的赤字化和造成国际制度体系整体效能的弱化。这一势头的持续将给现有国际秩序造成更大冲击,也将对包括中国在内的世界各国产生更深远的影响。"America First"is the core foreign policy framework of the United States that has continued from the Trump 1.0 era to the Trump 2.0 era.From the perspective of intellectual history and ideological structure theory,the formation and development of Trump's"America First"diplomacy have been significantly influenced by two concepts:traditional conservatism and right-wing populism.Among them,traditional conservatism determines its strategic culture and policy continuity,while right-wing populism stipulates its basic world outlook and policy orientation.Overall,"America First"as a policy option that is integrated both internally and externally and based on external coercion is the result of the continuous concretization and populization of the traditional conservative diplomatic concept,whose connotation and form have never changed despite Biden's four years in office.After Trump returned to power,the implementation of"America First 2.0"diplomacy will not only intensify the antagonism of major-country relations within the current international landscape and lead to a profound reorganization of the international security order,but also aggravate the deficit of the global governance system and weaken the overall effectiveness of the international institutional system.The continuation of this momentum will cause greater impact on the existing international order and also have a more profound effect on countries around the world,including China.

关 键 词：特朗普政府 美国优先 民粹主义 保守主义 中美关系 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]