民族学与人类学的发端及其异同——兼及学科史和民族共同体议题  

The Origins of Ethnology and Anthropology and Their Similarities and Differences:Also On the Issues of History of the Discipline and the National Communities

作　　者：范可 FAN Ke(Guizhou Minzu University)

机构地区：[1]贵州民族大学社会学院 [2]贵州民族大学社会文化人类学研究所 [3]南京大学中央四部委铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2025年第1期47-69,M0004,M0005,共25页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

摘　　要：民族学与人类学之间关系如何,有何差异?在国际学界,人类学和民族学作为同一学科,其发端是否与西方殖民主义和帝国主义兴起有关,这是一个问题。可以对民族学和人类学的发端予以多元的理解。如果接受民族志和民族学为人类学之根的理解,那么其发端与殖民主义和帝国主义的关系构成问题。民族学最早的实践者来自德国。作为学科,它是德意志启蒙运动和浪漫主义运动的产物,带有强烈的人文主义关怀,并以强调“民族精神”对多样性的意义为主导,试图在保证多样性的文化不被“进步”的文明所吞噬的同时,推动民族共同体的建设。然而,文化作为浪漫主义运动遗产的核心概念,经常又被本质化,以至于与“种族”乃至种族主义仅有一纸之隔。因此,德国民族学实践对民族共同体建设的影响和经验教训,值得汲取。What is the relationship between ethnology and anthropology,and what are their differences?The international scholarly community is concerned about whether the origins of anthropology and ethnology as a unified discipline are related to the rise of Western colonialism and imperialism.The origins of ethnology and anthropology should be understood in multiple ways.If we accept the understanding that ethnography and ethnology are the roots of anthropology,then their origins pose a problem in relation to colonialism and imperialism.The earliest practitioners of ethnology came from Germany.As a discipline,it was a product of the German Enlightenment and Romantic movements,strongly influenced by humanistic concerns,and it emphasized the significance of“national spirit”to diversity,attempting to protect diverse cultures from being consumed by“progressive”civilization while promoting the construction of national communities.However,culture—as a core concept inherited from the Romantic movement—was often essentialized to the point where it was closely linked to“race”and even racism.Therefore,the influence and lessons from German ethnological practices on the construction of national communities are worth learning from,especially as the nation is currently engaged in discussions about fostering a sense of community for the Chinese nation.

关 键 词：民族学 人类学 德国民族学 民族学博物馆 “民族精神” 民族共同体 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]