废锂电池中有价金属的绿色回收技术研究进展  

Research progress on green recovery technologies of valuable metals from waste lithium batteries

作　　者：许金妹[1] 高彦峰[1] XU JinMei;GAO YanFeng(School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China)

机构地区：[1]上海大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200444

出　　处：《中国科学:技术科学》2025年第4期630-661,共32页Scientia Sinica(Technologica)

基　　金：上海市科技创新行动计划协同创新专项(编号:23xtcx00800)资助。

摘　　要：随着新能源电动汽车数量的持续迅猛增长,锂离子电池的使用与报废数量巨大并日益激增,钴、镍、锂等金属资源的回收变得愈发紧迫.本文综述了废锂电池的回收方法,讨论了预处理、火法冶金、湿法冶金及直接再生法在回收正极有价金属上的最新研究进展,从热力学和动力学角度分析了火法与湿法回收技术的影响因素,探讨了在保持高回收率的同时提升环境友好性和降低成本的最佳策略.特别强调了直接再生工艺在使用深共晶溶剂(DESs)体系进行温和浸出和再生正极活性物质方面的优势,并从经济效益和环境影响角度分析了其可持续性.最后,总结了废锂电池回收利用面临的挑战,并展望了未来绿色高效闭环回收的发展趋势.With the rapid growth in new energy electric vehicles,the usage and disposal of lithium-ion batteries have surged,creating an urgency to recover valuable metals such as cobalt,nickel,and lithium.This study reviews various recovery methods for waste lithium batteries,discussing the latest research advancements in pretreatment,pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct regeneration techniques for recovering valuable metals from cathodes.The analysis examines the key factors influencing pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery technologies from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives.It explores optimal strategies to enhance environmental sustainability and cost efficiency while maintaining high recovery rates.Particular attention is devoted to the advantages of direct regeneration processes using deep eutectic solvent systems,which enable mild leaching and regeneration of active cathode materials.These systems are evaluated for their economic feasibility and environmental impact,demonstrating their potential as sustainable recovery solutions.Finally,the paper summarizes the challenges in waste lithium battery recovery and utilization,envisioning advancements toward green and efficient closed-loop recycling systems.

关 键 词：火法冶金 湿法冶金 直接再生法 深共晶溶剂(DESs) 绿色闭环回收 

分 类 号：TF803[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]