牧马胡儿却受遗:模范忠臣金日磾的“史实”与“史相”  

The Nomadic Horseman Who Embraced Legacy:The“Historical Reality”and“Historical Representation”of the Model Loyal Servant Jin Midi

作　　者：黎镜明 LI Jing-ming

机构地区：[1]西北大学历史学院

出　　处：《北京社会科学》2025年第4期25-34,共10页Social Sciences of Beijing

基　　金：国家社会科学基金西部项目(24XMZ013)——汉代中原人士的边疆认知研究。

摘　　要：匈奴休屠王太子金日磾以战俘身份入居西汉宫廷养马,是族属和阶层上的双重“边缘人”。元狩四年(前119)前后,汉匈形势出现重大变化,汉武帝蹈袭贾谊“三表五饵”故智,试图通过厚待降附贵人实现“仁畜匈奴”的政治目标,作为“降者之杰”的金日磾被选中参演“四夷宾服”的政治剧目。基于此,金日磾既须迎合汉武帝对华夷秩序的期待,又须在险恶宫廷中规避风险,所以其忠诚并非单纯的道德自觉,而是帝王意志规训与个人生存策略共同作用的结果。史书对金日磾形象的塑造受多重因素影响。班固《汉书》通过选择性剪裁与伦理化重构,将其纳入儒家忠孝话语体系,这种处理应该是服务于汉王朝的文化规训,同时亦与霍光辅政时期儒生阶层的崛起及金氏后裔的政治地位密切相关。后世久惯牢成的金日磾形象,实则是帝王心术、个人抉择、史官话语等共谋的产物。As a dual“marginal figure”in terms of ethnicity and social class,Jin Midi,the son of the Xiongnu King Xiutu attended the Western Han court as a captive and horse tender.Around 119 BCE(the fourth year of Yuanshou reign),significant changes in Han-Xiongnu relations prompted Emperor Wu to revive Jia Yi s“Three Demonstrations and Five Enticements”strategy,seeking to“tame the Xiongnu through benevolence”by preferentially treating surrendered nobles.As the“exemplary defector”,Jin Midi became a key performer in the imperial spectacle of“Four Yi s Subduing”.His loyalty manifested not as mere moral consciousness,but rather as a complex interplay between imperial indoctrination and survival tactics-necessitating both compliance with the emperor s expectation of Hua-Yi order and navigation of court intrigues.The historical construction of Jin Midi s image involved multiple determinants.Ban Gu s Book of Han strategically reshaped his narrative through selective editing and ethical reframing,incorporating him into Confucian loyalty-filialty discourse.This historiographical treatment served both the imperial cultural agenda and correlated with the rising influence of Confucian scholars during Huo Guang s regency,as well as the political standing of Jin s descendants.The enduring image of Jin Midi ultimately emerged as a collusion of imperial manipulation,personal agency,and historiographical discourse.

关 键 词：金日磾 汉武帝 三表五饵 忠臣形象 历史书写 

分 类 号：K234.1[历史地理—历史学]