数字化背景下公共数据的刑法保护  

Criminal Law Protection for Public Data in the Context of Digitalization

作　　者：苏永生[1] Su Yongsheng

机构地区：[1]河北大学法学院

出　　处：《法商研究》2025年第2期56-72,共17页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目(23BFX118)。

摘　　要：数字化从广度和深度上大幅提升了公共数据的价值,形成了值得刑法保护的公共数据法益。我国现行刑法虽然为公共数据提供了一定程度的保护,但是保护的专门性、完整性和体系性明显不足。应对关涉国家安全的数据予以绝对保护,对关涉其他国家利益和社会公共利益的数据予以相对保护,并采用多元保护、专门保护、附带性保护相结合的保护模式,在危害国家利益和社会公共利益的犯罪中增设危害公共数据犯罪。应将危害公共数据犯罪的行为类型构造为毁坏公共数据、非法利用公共数据和不形成公共数据3类;将基本犯构造为对公共数据的实害犯,只能由故意构成,且属于微罪,配置1年有期徒刑以下刑罚,同时配置选处罚金;将加重犯构造为对国家利益或者社会公共利益的实害犯,罪过形式包括过失,根据不同的情况配置1年以上3年以下有期徒刑和3年以上7年以下有期徒刑两个刑罚幅度,同时配置并处罚金。Digitalization has greatly enhanced the value of public data in breadth and depth,forming a legal interest in public data that warrants protection under criminal law.China's cur-rent criminal law provides protection for public data in some degree,but specificity,comprehen-siveness,and systematicity of protection are clearly insufficient.For this reason,absolute pro-tection should be given to data related to national security,and relative protection should be giv-en to data related to other national interest and social public interest;the protection model,which includes multiple protection,specialized protection and incidental protection,should be a-dopted;the crime of harming public data should be added to the crimes of harming national in-terest and social public interest.The types of behavior for this type of crime can be classified into three categories:destructing public data,illegally using public data and not forming public data.The basic offense of harming public data can be constructed as actual harm to public data,which can only be constituted intentionally,belongs to minor offense,and the penalty can be regulated imprisonment of up to 1 year with selected fine.The aggravated offense can be constructed as ac-tual harm to national interest or social public interest,whose offence form includes negligence,should be regulated two penalty grades according to different circumstances:imprisonment of not less than 1 year but not more than 3 years with fine and imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 7 years with fine.

关 键 词：公共数据法益 数字化 刑法保护 危害公共数据犯罪 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]