论基本权利限制的明确性要求  

On the Explicitness Requirement of Limitations on Fundamental Rights

作　　者：王锴[1] Wang Kai

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《法商研究》2025年第2期122-137,共16页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目(19VHJ015)。

摘　　要：明确性要求是基本权利限制的正当化条件之一。明确性要求来自法治国原则中的法安定性原则,对它的界定需要从正反两方面来进行。明确性要求要具备可预见性、不能涵盖过广和能够通过解释或者判例来确定3个要件。根据法律保留程度的不同,明确性要求分为一般明确性要求和特殊明确性要求。明确性要求所要消除的不明确主要是针对主观的不明确,即立法者意图的不明确。对于基本权利限制而言,法律所规定的限制基本权利的目的不明确,会造成执法机关在执行时的困惑或者选择性执法,并导致法律解释的困难。因此,只要立法者意图明确,即使法律语句存在客观的不明确,包括使用不确定法律概念和概括性条款,仍然可以通过法律解释或者案例群等方法予以确定,并不违反明确性要求。Explicitness requirement is one of the legitimizing conditions for the limitation of fundamental rights.The requirement for explicieness comes from the principle of legal stability in the rule of law,and its definition needs to be approached from both positive and negative per-spectives.Explicitness requires three elements:predictability,not too broad coverage,and the ability to determine through interpretation or precedent.According to the degree of legal reser-vation,clarity requirements are divided into general clarity requirements and special clarity re-quirements.The ambiguity that explicitness attempt to eliminate is mainly aimed at subjective ambiguity,that is,the ambiguity of legislators'intentions.For the limitation of fundamental rights,the unclear purpose of restricting fundamental rights as stipulated by law can cause con-fusion or selective enforcement by law enforcement agencies,and lead to difficulties in legal in-terpretation.Therefore,as long as the intention of the legislator is clear,even if there is objec-tive ambiguity in legal statements,including the use of uncertain legal concepts and general pro-visions,it can still be determined through legal interpretation or case studies,and does not vio-late the requirement of explicitness.

关 键 词：基本权利限制 明确性要求 不确定法律概念 概括性条款 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]