董事对公司债权人责任的请求权基础及类型化表达  

Basis of Claims and Typological Expressions of Directors Liabilities Towards Corporate Creditors

作　　者：李欢 LI Huan(Institute of Law,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100720,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所,北京100720

出　　处：《扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第2期64-78,共15页Journal of Yangzhou University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目“国家出资公司监督体系研究”(GZC20241964);中国社会科学院博士后创新实践项目。

摘　　要：绝对权与相对权应当保持相对严格的界分,但《公司法》第191条塑造的新规突破性规定了公司管理层的董事、高级管理人员对第三人的赔偿责任,此条款的立论基础正是第三人侵害债权理论。解释论上,董事对公司债权人责任应结合《民法典》第8条的“公序良俗”条款来具体构造“背俗致损”的债权侵权请求权。体系解释上,《民法典》第1191条规定的用人单位的替代责任与《公司法》第191条并非立法冲突,而是各有其调整空间,《民法典》第1191条调整董事对公司债权人绝对权的侵害行为,《公司法》第191条调整董事对公司债权人相对权的侵害行为。同时,当董事侵害公司债权人的债权,为使责任形态的类型划分更加明确,应作主观情形区分:若董事为一般过失或轻微过失,应按照《公司法》第191条前半段的规定,由公司承担责任,董事不承担责任;若董事为重大过失,应按照《公司法》第191条后半段的规定,由董事承担补充责任;若董事为故意,由公司与董事承担连带责任。Absolute right and relative right should maintain a relatively strict distinction,but the new regulation created by Article 191 of the Company Law makes a breakthrough in stipulating the compensation liability of directors and senior managers of the company management to the third party,and the basis of this article is the theory of third party infringement of creditor s rights.In terms of interpretation,the liability of directors to corporate creditors should be combined with the “public order and good customs”clause of Article 8 of the Civil Code to concretely construct the right of claim for tort of creditors rights.In terms of system interpretation,the vicarious liability of the employer stipulated in Article 1191 of the Civil Code and Article 191 of the Company Law are not legislative conflicts,but each has its own room for adjustment.Article 1191 of the Civil Code adjusts the infringement of the absolute right of the directors to the creditors of the company,and Article 191 of the Company Law adjusts the infringement of the directors to the relative right of the creditors of the company.At the same time,when a director infringes on the relative rights of creditors of the company,in order to make the type of liability clearer,it should be divided into subjective circumstances:If the director is generally negligent or slightly negligent,the company shall be liable in accordance with the provisions of the first half of Article 191 of the Company Law;If a director is guilty of gross negligence,the director shall bear supplementary liability in accordance with the latter half of Article 191 of the Company Law;If a director acts intentionally,the company and the director shall bear joint and several liability.

关 键 词：董事责任 公司债权人 《公司法》第191条 债权侵权行为 补充责任 

分 类 号：D922[政治法律—法学] D923