脂质体与外泌体在药物递送和生物标志物筛选中的研究进展  

Research advances of liposomes and exosomes in drug delivery and biomarker screening

作　　者：苏雅婷 钱小红[1] 秦伟捷[1] SU Yating;QIAN Xiaohong;QIN Weijie(State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics,National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing),Beijing Proteome Research Center,Beijing Institute of Lifeomics,Beijing 102206,China)

机构地区：[1]医学蛋白质组全国重点实验室,国家蛋白质科学中心(北京),北京蛋白质组研究中心,军事科学院军事医学研究院,北京102206

出　　处：《色谱》2025年第5期472-486,共15页Chinese Journal of Chromatography

基　　金：国家重点研发专项(No.2021YFA1302604).

摘　　要：囊泡分为人工囊泡和天然囊泡。其中,人工囊泡的一种代表性形式是脂质体,它们是由人工合成的,由一个或多个磷脂双分子层构成的球形脂质结构。脂质体的生物相容性和生物利用度较高,稳定性好且易于合成,是靶向药物递送系统(DDS)中常用的纳米载体之一,使用频率较高。作为一种天然囊泡,细胞外囊泡(EVs)是由细胞主动分泌的一种具有膜结构的微小囊泡,内含核酸、蛋白质及脂类等多种成分,是细胞间通信的重要媒介。外泌体是EVs中的最小亚型,直径为30~100 nm,内含独特的生物分子,这些分子可被视为亲代细胞的“指纹”。在病理状态下,外泌体的含量会发生变化,因此被视为诊断疾病的潜在生物标志物。近年来,脂质体与外泌体在药物递送和生物标志物筛选领域日益受到关注。本文介绍了脂质体的制备技术及外泌体的富集分离技术,并深入探讨了它们在药物递送及生物标志物筛选方面的研究进展。最后,文章提出了脂质体与外泌体在临床应用中所面临的挑战。Vesicles,are categorized as artificial(i.e.,liposomes)or natural(i.e.,extracellular vesicles(EVs))and play significant roles in drug-delivery and biomarker-screening applications.Liposomes,as a representative form of artificial vesicle,are spherical lipid structures composed of one or more artificially synthesized phospholipid bilayers.Liposomes are highly biocompatible and bioavailable,very stable,and easily synthesized;hence,they are among the most commonly used and frequently applied nanocarriers in targeted drug-delivery systems(DDS).EVs are natural small membrane-bound vesicles actively secreted by cells and contain a variety of components,including nucleic acids,proteins,and lipids.They also serve as important mediators of intercellular communication.As the smallest EV subtype,with diameters of only 30-100 nm,exosomes contain unique biomolecules that are considered to be the fingerprints of the parent cells.In the pathological state,the content of exosomes will change;consequently,exosomes are potential disease-diagnosis biomarkers.Recent clinical trials have shown that exosomes are ideal nanocarriers in targeted drug-delivery therapies for a variety of diseases.Compared with traditional artificial liposomal carriers,exosomes display unique advantages and provide the DDS field with new possibilities.Liposomes and exosomes are receiving increasing levels of attention in the drug-delivery and biomarker-screening fields.This article introduces techniques for the preparation of liposomes,and the enrichment and separation of exosomes,and delves into research progress on their use in drug-delivery and biomarker-screening applications.Finally,challenges facing the use of liposomes and exosomes in clinical applications are discussed.

关 键 词：脂质体 外泌体 囊泡 富集和分离 药物递送 生物标志物筛选 综述 

分 类 号：O658[理学—分析化学]