《联合国宪章》第103条“国际协定”的概念廓清——基于《维也纳条约法公约》的条约解释框架的分析  

Clarification of the"International Agreement"in Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations——An Analysis of Treaty Interpretation Framework Based on Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

作　　者：冯帅 廖浚超 Feng Shuai;Liao Junchao

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2025年第1期15-38,共24页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：四川大学“从0到1”创新研究项目“美国碳中和目标的实施路线评估及其对中国的影响研究”(项目编号:2023CX18);四川省铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地重点项目“中华民族共同体视域下四川生态文明建设的法治路径研究”(项目编号:2024myzlzd01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：针对近年来一些国家主张所谓的“基于规则的国际秩序”,我国提出“以国际法为基础的国际秩序”。《联合国宪章》及其建立的联合国和集体安全机制的重要性在两种秩序观中截然不同,这将影响到对一现实问题的回答,即《联合国宪章》与其他国际法规则冲突时何者应居优先。《联合国宪章》第103条规定其项下义务优于其他“国际协定”义务,但该“国际协定”与三种国际法渊源的关系尚不明确。学界在该“国际协定”包含条约上存有共识,但对它是否包含国际习惯法与一般法律原则争论不休。《维也纳条约法公约》所载的条约解释通则具有灵活性,其适用需以针对条约构建特定化解释框架为前提。在基于此的“文本—目的—实践—历史”《联合国宪章》解释框架中,文本解释是分析起点,目的解释与全体性实践之实践解释可提供超越文本解释的解释结论,非全体性实践之实践解释可提供一定参考,历史解释的价值极其有限。进而言之,文本解释表明《联合国宪章》第103条中的“国际协定”可包含国际习惯法与一般法律原则,目的解释与实践解释证实了该解释结论,历史解释则对此予以了核实。In response to the so-called“rules-based international order”proposed by some States in recent years,China proposes the“international law-based international order”.The importance of the Charter of the United Nations,the United Nations and collective security mechanisms is very different between the two conceptions of international order.This will affect the answer to the practical question:which should prevail in the event of a conflict between the Charter and other rules of international law?Article 103 of the United Nations Charter stipulates that the obligations under this Charter prevail over obligations under other“international agreement”.However,the relationship between this“international agreement”and the three sources of international law is not clear.There is a consensus among scholars that“international agreement”includes treaties,but there is an ongoing debate over whether customary international law and general principles of law could be included as well.The general rule of treaty interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is flexible,and its application requires to establish a specific interpretation framework for the treaty.In the“text-purpose-practice-history”interpretation framework of the Charter of the United Nations based on this,textual interpretation is the starting point;both teleological interpretation and practical interpretation based on practice from all Parties can provide interpretive conclusions that go beyond textual interpretation;practical interpretation based on practice from non-all Parties can provide certain reference;the value of historical interpretation is extremely limited.In this regard,the textual interpretation shows that the“international agreement”in Article 103 of the United Nations Charter could include customary international law and general principles of law,teleological interpretation and practical interpretation establish this conclusion,which is confirmed by historical interpretation.

关 键 词：以国际法为基础的国际秩序 联合国宪章 条约解释 国际协定 维也纳条约法公约 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]