奖惩机制对两难困境中合作行为的影响模式及其差异  

The Patterns and Differences of the Effects of Rewards and Punishments in Social Dilemma Cooperation

作　　者：周靖昆 崔丽莹[1] Zhou Jingkun;Cui Liying(School of Psychology,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学心理学院,上海200234

出　　处：《心理学探新》2025年第2期143-152,共10页Psychological Exploration

摘　　要：作为一种重要的激励机制,奖惩机制是通过奖励合作者和惩罚搭便车者促进社会困境中的合作,但二者对合作的影响过程或模式存在差异。一方面,奖惩机制对合作的影响存在效果差异,奖惩机制如何发挥出最优效果会受到不同奖惩环境的影响;另一方面,奖惩机制对合作的影响存在过程差异,奖惩机制会通过诱发互惠机制、情绪机制、行为机制、生理机制来促进合作;同时奖惩机制也会通过诱发资源损耗、认知损耗、行为损耗来破坏合作。未来研究可以扩展考察奖惩对更多类型或情境下合作行为的影响,增加研究结论的生态效度,进一步厘清奖惩对合作影响的最优力度与团体规模,有效识别和确定奖惩机制在促进与破坏合作之间的边界。As an important incentive mechanism,although rewarding cooperators and punishing free riders both can promote cooperation in social dilemmas,they have difference in the modes and processes on cooperation.On the one hand,the effect of reward and punishment mechanism on cooperation is different,and the optimal effect of reward and punishment mechanism is affected by different reward and punishment environment.On the other hand,there are process differences in the influence of reward and punishment mechanism on cooperation.Reward and punishment mechanism can promote cooperation by inducing reciprocal mechanisms,emotional mechanisms,behavioral mechanisms,physiological mechanisms.At the same time,the reward and punishment mechanism will also destroy cooperation by inducing resource loss,cognitive loss and behavioral loss.In the future,the research can expand the impact of rewards and punishments on cooperative behavior in more types or situations,and increase the ecological validity of research conclusions,clarify the optimal intensity and group size of rewards and punishments on cooperation,and effectively identify and determine the boundaries between reward and punishment mechanisms in promoting and undermining cooperation.

关 键 词：奖励 惩罚 合作 社会困境 边界 

分 类 号：B848[哲学宗教—心理学]