情态、排他与“就”的最小充分性语义  

Necessity Modality,Exclusiveness and the Minimal Sufficiency Reading of Jiu(就)

作　　者：刘莹[1] LIU Ying(Institute of Modern Languages and Linguistics,Fudan University)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学现代语言学研究院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2025年第2期222-238,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“现代汉语排他性表达及其多义性的系统研究”(21CYY030);国家社科基金重大项目“形式语义学的汉语研究与形式语义学理论创新”(22&ZD295)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文提出,左向关联(前指、前涉)和右向关联(后指、后涉)的“就”语义具有内部统一性。左向关联的“就”表达最小充分性,即梯级排序更低的候选项不足以使命题为真(最小性),而排序更高的候选项不必要(充分性);其语义内核同右向关联的“就”一样,都是基于梯级的排他性,要求“就p”的候选项集合按照一定规则构成一个梯级序列,“就”预设p在这个梯级的最底端并断言排序更高的候选项为假。两者唯一的区别在于,表达最小充分性的“就”,其辖域里有一个显性或隐性的情态必然算子,排他性作用在这一算子之上,从而得到排序更高的候选项不必要的解读;而右向关联的“就”排他性直接作用在梯级候选项之上,得到排序更高的候选项为假的解读。The semantics of the Mandarin adverb jiu(就)is intricate and complex,which has triggered much debate in the literature.One of the biggest puzzles is its asymmetric interpretations during the leftward(aka.forward referring or forward reference)and rightward associations(aka.backward referring or backward reference).The leftward associating jiu triggers an additive reading,whereas the rightward associating ju are generally interpreted as denoting exclusiveness.Contrary to the previous analyses taking the leftward and rightward associations as involving two different types of jiu,this article proposes that the semantics of ju can be unified.Jiu in leftward association,along with its usage in conditionals,imperatives,etc.,all convey the reading of minimal sufficiency(Grosz 2012).Minimal sufficiency means that the alternatives with lower scalar rankings are insufficient to make the proposition true(hence minimality),while the higher-ranked alternatives are unnecessary(hence sufficiency).The core semantics of this type of jiu is the same as that of jiu in rightward association,with low scalarity and exclusiveness as the core semantics.More specifically,[jiu p] requires that alternatives from the alternative set constitute a hierarchical scale according to certain ordering rules.At the same time,jiu presupposes that p is at the bottom(or the lower end)of this scale,and asserts that higherranked alternatives are all false.The only dfference is that jiu expressing minimal sufficiency has an implicit modal necessity operator within its scope,with the exclusiveness of jiu scoping over this necessity operator,leading to an interpretation where higher-ranked alternatives are all unnecessary.On the other hand,lacking this necessity operator,the rightward association jiu directly operates on the alternative set,resulting in an interpretation where higher-ranked alternatives are false.Under this analysis,the multiple lexical entries of jiu can be simplified into one.Under the current account,the differences in interpretations a

关 键 词：“就” 情态必然 最小充分性 排他性 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]