基于广义斯科伦项理论的极性不对称现象研究  

A Research on the Phenomenon of Polarity Asymmetry Based on Generalized Skolem Term Theory

作　　者：周正 邹崇理[2] ZHOU Zheng;ZOU Chongli(School of Philosophy,Beijing Normal University;不详)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学哲学学院 [2]中国社会科学院哲学研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2025年第2期239-259,共21页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据背景下人工智能及其逻辑的哲学反思”(19ZDA041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：极性词在肯定句和否定句中的分布呈现出不对称性。石毓智(1992)提出了“自然语言的肯定与否定公理”,指出语义程度较低的词只出现在否定结构中,而语义程度较高的词只出现在肯定结构中。然而,传统基于经典逻辑的形式语义理论难以充分刻画这一现象,这是因为该现象涉及单一或多维度的量级推理,其语义解释依赖于肯定、否定与极量之间的标记关联模式。广义斯科伦项理论作为一种基于组合范畴语法的新型量词理论,具备独特的优势:一方面引人了“斯科伦项的确定化操作”,另一方面广义斯科伦项本身包含能够表达量级大小的属性。这些特性使量级推理能够自然融入组合范畴语法的并行推演过程。因此,扩展后的广义斯科伦项理论为极性不对称现象提供了一种创新的形式语义学视角。The distribution of polarity words in affirmative and negative sentences is characterized by significant asymmetry.Shi(1992)proposes the"Axiom of Affirmation and Negation in Natural Languages",which posits that words at the lower end of the semantic scale occur exclusively in negative contexts,while those at the upper end of the semantic scale are confined to affirmative contexts.Traditional formal semantic theories,rooted in classical logic,have proven inadequate in explaining this phenomenon.This limitation arises because polarity asymmetry involves scalar reasoning on single or multiple dimensions,and its semantic interpretation depends on the markedness and association patterns of affirmation,negation,and polarity words.To address this gap,this paper adopts the Generalized Skolem Term Theory(GSTT),a novel quantifier theory based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar(CCG).GSTT introduces the"operation of Skolem specification",a mechanism for systematically handling scalar reasoning.Moreover,Generalized Skolem Terms(GSTs)encode nominal properties that represent scalar size,allowing scalar reasoning to be effectively integrated into CCG's parallel derivation processes.This integration provides a robust and systematic framework for analyzing polarity asymmetry,offering a formal semantic perspective on the phenomenon.This paper is structured as follows.Section 1 introduces the phenomenon of polarity asymmetry,as well as its linguistic characteristics.Section 2 provides a detailed comparison of different formalization methods for polarity asymmetry,highlighting GSTT's distinctive advantages in addressing the issue.Section 3 presents CCG,focusing on its fundamental concepts,including the notion of categories and combinatory rules.This section provides a formal basis for integrating scalar reasoning within the GSTT framework.Section 4 introduces GSTT,elaborating on its syntax and model-theoretic semantics.It explains how CSTT handles scalar reasoning through the"operation of Skolem specification"and provides a simple ill

关 键 词：广义斯科伦项理论 不对称现象 肯定与否定公理 极性词 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]