“主而谓”结构的句法  

The Syntax of"NP er(而)VP"in Old Chinese

作　　者：杨萌萌 YANG Mengmeng(Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2025年第2期260-279,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文考察上古汉语“主而谓”结构的句法,通过对“主而谓”句法语义特性的深度描写和刻画,提出“主而谓”是体现说话人主观评价的CP层评价语势投射,“而”是选择定式句为补足语的评价语势中心语Moodealuaive。评价语势对“主而谓”的句法语义表现有所限制,比如评价语势与疑问、祈使语气不兼容,故“主而谓”不能在疑问、祈使语气下单独使用(不能单独成句充当疑问句、祈使句)。评价语势所处的句法层次决定了“而”前看似主语的NP实为占据非论元位置的话题。本文对比分析“主而谓”与“主之谓”在句法分布、内部结构、语义解读等方面的差异,进而强调二者是句法本质属性完全不同的两种结构:“主之谓”是非定式性的IP;“主而谓”是定式性的MoodP,是句法层次更高的CP层投射。This paper presents a fine-grained micro-syntactic/semantic study of the"NP er(而)VP"structure in Old Chinese following the spirit of New Descriptivism as proposed by Hu(2009,2018).It is shown that an"NP er VP"can function as a topic,the predicate or comment of a judgment sentence,the object of a verb,or an adverbial clause of condition.It can be used as not only a clause co-occurring with an exclamatory sentence final particle,but also an independent declarative sentence making a statement on an event in the past.The distribution of"NP er VP"shows that it is a clause,more specifically,a finite clause in nature,though it still differs from the canonical finite clause in the form of"NP VP"in that the former cannot be used as a subject clause,relative clause,complement clause,interrogative clause,or imperative clause.Besides these limitations in its distribution,it is also constrained by the semantics and the register of the structure as it only forms a conditional clause when occurring in the adverbial position and shows a strong subjective attitude of the speaker.Moreover,almost all"NP er Vp"sentences are found in the dialogue.Based on the facts above,it is argued that er,as a functional head,can function as the Moodevlaive head in the CP domain which takes a finite clause as its complement,and project a finite MoodP in the form of"NP er VP".It is shown that the NP in"NP er VP"is not a subject in an A-position but a topic in an A'-position,which can be well accounted for by the analysis assuming that er is a functional head in the CP domain.According to this analysis,the syntactic difference between the"NP zhi(之)VP"structure and the"NP er VP"structure lies in the fact that the former is a nonfinite IP(Yang 2019)whereas the latter a finite MoodP.The structures like"NP zhi VP"and"NP er VP"can be characterized as different instantiations of the abstract"NP F VP"structure in Old Chinese.It is the value of the functional category F that determines the actual instantiation of the"NP F VP"structure.F can be a C,or an

关 键 词：“主而谓” 评价语势 定式句 CP“主之谓” 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]