古建筑群室外图像型火灾探测器布置优化研究  

Optimal placement of outdoor image fire detectors in historic buildings

作　　者：马强 蒋弘瑞 王可 王波 丁龙 纪杰[1] MA Qiang;JIANG Hongrui;WANG Ke;WANG Bo;DING Long;JI Jie(State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China;The Palace Museum,Beijing 100001,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室,合肥230026 [2]故宫博物院,北京100001

出　　处：《清华大学学报(自然科学版)》2025年第4期625-633,共9页Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology)

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC1523500)。

摘　　要：中国古建筑多为木或砖木结构,具有较高的火灾隐患,因此古建筑群的早期火灾探测报警工作值得重视。图像型火灾探测器能够快速完成火灾探测并提供火源位置信息,非常适用于古建筑群的早期火灾探测和报警。然而,目前图像型火灾探测器的布置方式多依赖半定量的经验和法规,缺少准确计算探测器覆盖范围和评价布置方案优劣的方法。因此,该文提出了一种基于集合覆盖模型和最大覆盖模型的古建筑群室外图像型火灾探测器布置优化方法。首先结合古建筑结构信息和网格划分方法构建目标区域3D模型;其次分析图像型火灾探测器的有效探测范围,通过构建二元观测矩阵确定探测器在候选布置点处对目标区域网格的覆盖情况;随后以目标区域的布置成本和覆盖率为优化目标,基于集合覆盖模型和最大覆盖模型构建探测器布置优化数学模型;最后,基于遗传算法求解获得探测器的最优布置方案。该文以故宫太和殿、中和殿和保和殿所在区域为应用对象,分别获得了在给定目标覆盖率和预设成本情况下,以布置成本和覆盖率为优化目标的图像型火灾探测器最优布置方案。该文提出的方法可为古建筑群图像型火灾探测器布置提供科学参考,并具有一定的实用价值。[Objective]Most historic buildings in China wood or brick-wood structures;consequently,they have low fire resistance ratings and large fire loading values.Furthermore,firefighting problems associated with these buildings include high building density,insufficient fire separation distances,and narrow fire passages;thus,historical buildings face a high risk of damage owing to fire.Therefore,to prevent and control fires in historical buildings,exploring efficient early fire detection and alarm systems for these buildings is necessary.Image fire detectors enable rapid identification of fires and provide the location of fires;thus,they are used in early fire detection and alarm systems for historic buildings.However,there is a lack of study that accurately calculate the coverage and evaluated the placement of image fire detectors.Currently,the placement of outdoor image fire detectors depends on semiquantitative approaches such as engineers’experiences and existing regulations.[Methods]Consequently,this study proposes a placement optimization methodology for outdoor image fire detectors in historical buildings based on the set covering and maximum covering models.First,a three-dimensional model of the target area is constructed by integrating the structural information of historical buildings and mesh division.Second,the field of view of an image fire detector is determined based on its models and specifications to analyze its viewshed;subsequently,a set of candidate detector positions is constructed using the selection rule that selects more important areas and less occluded areas,thus providing support for the reasonable placement of image fire detectors.Furthermore,the extent of coverage of the target area grid by the candidate detectors is determined by constructing a binary observation matrix that maps the position and direction of image fire detectors in the target area.Third,considering the optimization of the cost and coverage of image fire detectors as the goal,a mathematical model for the placement optimiz

关 键 词：古建筑群 火灾探测 图像型火灾探测器 布置优化 

分 类 号：TU892[建筑科学]