涉外次级制裁的合法性论证“技艺”——以美国为重心的考察  

The Art of Legitimacy Argumentation in Extraterritorial Secondary Sanctions:A U.S.-Centered Analysis

作　　者：杜宴林 孙兆航 Du Yanlin;Sun Zhaohang

机构地区：[1]吉林大学理论法学研究中心/司法文明协同创新中心,130012

出　　处：《世界社会科学》2025年第2期216-241,248,共27页SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点基地重大项目(22JJD820001);吉林大学博士研究生科研创新能力提升项目“反补贴中的长臂管辖问题研究”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：作为经济制裁的涉外次级制裁是欧美各国尤其是美国对外经济制裁的惯用手段,其合法性长期以来备受争议。为了对次级制裁的“合法性”进行论证和辩护,美国做了对内和对外两手努力。对内,美国为了绕开包括“迷人的贝琪”“反域外管辖推定”在内的原则性规定而实施系列策略。对外,一方面美国尝试论证现有习惯国际法规则,尤其是管辖权规则可以包容美国实施次级制裁,另一方面则从功能、价值等多个维度出发来论证其深层“合法性”,夯实美国在习惯国际法的框架内实施次级制裁的“合法性”。但是,这些论证并非是“以国际法为基础的国际秩序”的合规性论证,而是对现行国际秩序的否定性论证,其目的是维护美国的国家利益及霸权地位。为了有效捍卫“以国际法为基础的国际秩序”,有必要深入解析美国的次级制裁的“合法性”论证“技艺”,这不仅可解构其论证的底层逻辑,还可提高我国在涉外法治方面的斗争能力。Extraterritorial secondary sanctions have become a key instrument in the economic policy toolkit of Western nations,particularly the United States,despite ongoing legal controversies over their legitimacy.To justify their so-called"legitimacy",the U.S.has adopted a two-pronged approach,advancing arguments both domestically and internationally.Domestically,it has devised various legal maneuvers to circumvent foundational principles such as the Charming Betsy doctrine—which prescribes that U.S.laws should be interpreted in a manner consistent with international norms—and the presumption against extraterritorial jurisdiction.Internationally,the U.S.contends that customary international law,particularly jurisdictional principles,can accommodate secondary sanctions.Furthermore,it employs functionalist reasoning and normative claims—such as national security and human rights protection—to reinforce the perception that these sanctions align with international legal standards.However,these justifications do not substantiate compliance with an"international order based on international law".On the contrary,they appear to serve as a strategic effort to erode the existing legal order,prioritizing U.S.national interests and global hegemony.A critical examination of the U.S.justification strategies for secondary sanctions is thus essential to safeguarding a rules-based international system.Deconstructing the logic behind these arguments is not merely a theoretical endeavor but a necessary step in enhancing China's capacity for legal resistance within the increasingly contested domain of extraterritorial legal governance.

关 键 词：涉外次级制裁 合法性论证 “技艺” 国际秩序 国际法 

分 类 号：D973.21[政治法律—法学]