中国制造业比较优势微观机制研究:理论分解、实证量化和政策选择  

Accounting for Revealed Comparative Advantage in Manufacturing Production

作　　者：厉雨婷 徐铭梽 LI Yuting;XU Mingzhi(Southeast University,211189;Peking University,100871)

机构地区：[1]东南大学经济管理学院,211189 [2]北京大学新结构经济学研究院,100871

出　　处：《财贸经济》2025年第4期131-148,共18页Finance & Trade Economics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“异质企业与国际贸易”(72322007);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助“技能错配视角下教育数字化转型对劳动力市场的影响”(2242024S30003)。

摘　　要：研究中国制造业比较优势形成机制对制定产业政策、推进中国式现代化有重要意义。然而,现有研究鲜有对显性比较优势(RCA)进行微观机制的分解探讨,本文对这部分研究做出了有益补充。具体而言,本文基于嵌套CES框架将RCA拆解成生产成本、生产工艺等供给侧因素以及市场规模、消费者偏好等需求侧因素,并结合大样本宏观数据与微观企业数据进行了量化分析。研究发现:供给侧对总体RCA的解释性占主导地位,且外部冲击的解释力度也不断增加;具体到供需因素内部,生产工艺因素和市场规模因素的解释力度较大,消费者偏好因素对需求侧RCA的解释力度呈波动式上升;地区间贸易模式存在差异。在西部地区和东北地区,其他因素对总体RCA的解释力度远高于全国平均水平,表明这部分地区存在较大的贸易潜力。混淆供需因素不利于理解比较优势形成的深层机制,本文为此提供了可行的解决方案,从而为政府在提升制造业比较优势过程中如何发挥好“看得见的手”的作用提供切实的政策性启示。Balassa's(1965) Revealed Comparative Advantage(RCA) index is a widely used measure of a country's relative ability to produce a good, valued for its simplicity and intuitive nature. However, understanding the underlying mechanisms behind RCA is complex, often requiring changes in functional forms and the use of general equilibrium macro models, which may rest on conflicting assumptions. This paper proposes a unified nested CES framework to better understand the relative importance of different micro-level factors in explaining RCA, with a focus on China's trade patterns in manufacturing production and these factors' contributes to economic development.The study decomposes the Balassa RCA into supply-side factors(such as production costs, production techniques, product diversity, and price differentials) and demand-side factors(including the number of trading partners, the size of destination markets, and consumer preferences in those markets). By combining macro-level data with firm-level data, this paper conducts a rigorous quantitative analysis of these factors. The findings reveal that both supply-side and demand-side factors play significant roles in explaining China's comparative advantage in manufacturing. Since China's accession to the World Trade Organization(WTO) in 2001, increased trade volume and greater openness have made supply-side factors the dominant drivers of China's trade patterns. Notably, production techniques on the supply side and market size on the demand side emerge as the most significant determinants of China's comparative advantage. Heterogeneity analysis further shows that supply-side RCA consistently explains trade patterns across all regions, underscoring the importance of supply-side reforms, such as optimizing product structures, improving industry quality, and enhancing production techniques, in boosting regional manufacturing competitiveness. Moreover, the impact of other factors on overall RCA is much higher in China's western and northeastern regions than the national average,

关 键 词：显性比较优势 贸易规律 产业升级 

分 类 号：F727[经济管理—产业经济]