欧盟寻求人工智能监管规则型领导地位:认知与路径  

The EU’s Pursuit of Rules-Based Leadership in AI Regulation:Perceptions and Pathways

作　　者：邢亚杰 李丹成 XING Yajie;LI Dancheng

机构地区：[1]清华大学社会科学学院 [2]清华大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《国际问题研究》2025年第2期108-128,133,134,共23页International Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“百年大变局下中国与中东欧国家(16+1)合作机制发展的现状、挑战及前景研究”(编号:22JJD810030)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在数字时代,主要大国或国家联盟围绕技术型与规则型两类领导地位展开竞争。基于维护数字主权、防范竞争对手以及评估自身优劣势的综合认知,欧盟将确立监管规则型领导地位视为自身核心战略目标,成为创设监管规则的先行者。为打造人工智能监管的示范版图,欧盟不断宣扬人本伦理的作用,在实际操作中赋予人本伦理以能动性与约束力,进而构建了软硬结合的监管框架,意图打造技术风险等级分明、配套监管措施完备、风险防范和技术创新平衡的监管规则体系。欧盟的尝试是理想与现实妥协的产物,有助于提升其在人工智能监管领域建章立制的影响力,在一定程度上赋能全球人工智能治理。但欧盟的做法加剧了域内外企业的负担,激化了全球人工智能监管规则之争。由于国际大格局束缚、各方竞争加剧、全球人工智能治理结构性挑战层出不穷、欧盟政策有缺陷等原因,欧盟的诉求存在较大不确定性。Global digital competition is prominently characterized by major powers or alliances of nations vying for digital leadership.In the digital age,leading countries or nation blocs are engaging in competition over two types of leadership:technology-based and rules-based leadership.Based on a comprehensive assessment of maintaining digital sovereignty and preventing competitors from gaining advantage,as well as an evaluation of its own strengths and weaknesses,the European Union regards establishing rules-based regulatory leadership as a core strategic goal,and positions itself as a pioneer in creating regulatory frameworks.To build a demonstrative model for AI regulation,the EU continuously promotes the role of human-centered ethics,and actively integrates such ethics into practical operations by endowing them with both initiative and binding force.As a result,it has constructed a regulatory framework that combines hard and soft constraints and is characterized by clearly defined technological risk levels,comprehensive supporting regulatory measures,and a balance between risk prevention and technological innovation.The EU’s attempt represents a compromise between ideals and reality,and helps enhance its influence in AI regulation and rules-making.It also empowers global AI governance to a certain extent.However,the EU’s approach has increased the burden on enterprises both within and outside its borders,and intensified the global competition over AI regulatory standards.Moreover,the prospects for the EU’s ambitions remain highly uncertain due to constraints from the broader international landscape,escalating competition among stakeholders,the continual emergence of structural challenges in global AI governance,and inherent flaws within the EU policy itself.

关 键 词：人工智能 欧盟 政府监管 数字竞争 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] F495[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程]