耕作与施肥方式对稻茬冬油菜耕层土壤理化特性的影响  

Effects of tillage and fertilization methods on soil physicochemical properties of topsoil of rapeseed in winter rice stubble

作　　者：黑儿平 杨泽鹏 吴永成[2] 陈红琳[1] 秦鱼生[1] 上官宇先[1] 何明江 HEI Er-ping;YANG Ze-peng;WU Yong-cheng;CHEN Hong-lin;QIN Yu-sheng;SHANGGUAN Yu-xian;HE Ming-jiang(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu Sichuan 611130)

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,四川成都610066 [2]四川农业大学农学院,四川成都611130

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2025年第3期30-40,共11页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：四川省十四五育种攻关项目(2021YFYZ0018);国家现代农业产业技术体系四川油菜创新团队项目(sccxtd-2023-03);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200903)。

摘　　要：水稻-油菜一年两熟是四川省稻田主要的水旱轮作模式。为探讨该模式下合理的耕作和施肥方式,通过田间定位试验,采用随机区组试验设计,设置8个耕作和施肥方式处理组合,分析其对土壤物理、化学和根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量以及冬油菜产量的短期影响。结果表明:相同施肥方式下,旋耕(RT)较免耕(NT)平均提高了0~30 cm土层的土壤水分(23.25%)和孔隙度(14.79%),同时降低了土壤容重(9.78%)。RT条件下,在0~10 cm土层中,撒施(SS)较穴施(XS)和条施(TS)平均分别提高了土壤水分含量(14.87%)、容重(10.23%)以及有机质(5.55%)、全磷(6.12%)、碱解氮(13.66%)和有效磷(31.77%)的含量,但降低了土壤孔隙度(7.69%)和毛管孔隙度(12.25%)以及全钾(7.72%)含量;TS在10~20 cm土层中增加了土壤水分、孔隙度以及有机质、全磷、全钾和速效钾的含量,较SS和XS平均增幅分别为12.03%、7.96%、13.08%、24.16%、9.56%和5.51%,同时降低了土壤容重(8.81%);NT下,在0~10 cm土层中,TS较SS和XS提高了土壤毛管孔隙度以及全磷、有效磷和速效钾的含量,平均增幅分别为25.42%、7.00%、18.41%和13.21%,而XS则在该土层中提高了土壤水分以及碱解氮和有效磷的含量。与NT相比,RT降低了根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量,且NT下TS和XS对根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量有不同程度的提升。研究表明,RT结合SS或TS,NT结合XS或TS处理不仅有利于培肥土壤,还能实现冬油菜产量增产的作用。因此,在川西平原水旱轮作区,RT条件下应选择SS或TS作为施肥方式,而在NT条件下,则应选择XS或TS为宜。Double cropping of rice and rapeseed in one year was the main crop rotation pattern in Sichuan.In order to explore the rational tillage and fertilization methods under rice-rapeseed rotation,a field positioning experiment was conducted,and a randomized block experiment was designed to set up 8 combinations of tillage and fertilization methods.The short-term effects of these combinations on soil physical,chemical and rhizosphere microbial biomass,carbon and nitrogen content and winter rape yield were analyzed.The results showed that compared with no-tillage(NT)treatment,rotational tillage(RT)treatment increased the soil moisture(23.25%)and porosity(14.79%)in 0-30 cm soil layer,and decreased the soil bulk density(9.78%).In the 0-10 cm soil layer under RT treatment,the contents of soil water content(14.87%),bulk density(10.23%),organic matter(5.55%),total phosphorus(6.12%),alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen(13.66%)and available phosphorus(31.77%)were increased by spreading application(SS),compared with the points application(XS)and strip application(TS)treatments.However,soil porosity(7.69%),capillary porosity(12.25%)and total potassium content(7.72%)were decreased.The contents of soil moisture,porosity,organic matter,total phosphorus,total potassium and available potassium in the 10-20 cm soil layer increased by 12.03%,7.96%,13.08%,24.16%,9.56%and 5.51%,respectively,compared with SS and XS treatments,while the soil bulk density decreased by 8.81%.Under NT treatment,compared with SS and XS treatments,TS treatment increased soil capillary porosity and the contents of total phosphorus,available phosphorus and available potassium by 25.42%,7.00%,18.41%and 13.21%,respectively,in the 0-10 cm soil layer,while XS treatment increased soil moisture and the contents of alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil layer.Compared with NT treatment,RT treatment reduced the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil,and TS and XS treatments increased the content of microbial biomass carbon and

关 键 词：水旱轮作 耕作方式 施肥方式 土壤特性 

分 类 号：S344.1[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]