长期施用有机肥对黄土丘陵沟壑区马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响  

Effects of long-term application of organic fertilizer on potato yield,water use efficiency and soil aggregate stability in loess hilly and gully region

作　　者：焦子健 张平良[1,2] 刘晓伟[2] 付强 谭雪莲[2] JIAO Zi-jian;ZHANG Ping-liang;LIU Xiao-wei;FU Qiang;TAN Xue-lian(College of Resources and Environment,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Farming of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance,Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area,Lanzhou Gansu 730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室/农业农村部西北旱地农业绿色低碳重点实验室/部省共建农业农村部旱地作物抗逆增产及雨水高效利用重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2025年第3期84-90,共7页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1900403);国家自然科学基金项目(32260550);甘肃省农业科学院重点研发项目(2022GAAS25);甘肃省重点研发计划(20YF3WA010、22YF7NA037);甘肃省现代寒旱特色农业科技支撑项目(KJZC-2025-20)。

摘　　要：以甘肃省农业科学院国家土壤质量安定观测实验站黄绵土区长期定位试验为研究平台,研究长期施用有机肥对西北半干旱区旱地马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和土壤团聚体结构稳定性的影响。结果表明:通过连续8年的肥料定位试验,施肥显著影响马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,以有机肥与化肥配施(NPKM)效果最好,单施有机肥(OM)处理次之;与单施化肥(NPK)处理相比,长期施用有机肥(NPKM、OM)处理马铃薯产量分别增加了24.4%和17.5%,水分利用效率分别提高了32.2%和22.0%。黄土丘陵沟壑区耕层土壤水稳性团聚体组成随着粒径减小呈阶梯式递增的态势,以<0.25 mm的微团聚体占据优势级别,其比例达41.9%~75.8%。与不施肥对照(CK)处理相比,不同施肥处理耕层0~20 cm土壤团聚化程度增加明显,其中以NPKM处理效果最好,>2、1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm粒径土壤水稳性团聚体较NPK处理分别增加了169.4%、49.5%、206.4%、28.8%,<0.25 mm粒径土壤水稳性团聚体减少了31%。与NPK处理相比,NPKM和OM处理显著增加了>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD);NPK较CK处理显著增加了0.25~0.5 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量。综上所述,在西北黄土丘陵沟壑区黄绵土条件下,极度干旱年份长期施用有机肥显著影响马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,以NPKM处理增加效果最明显,较NPK处理显著提高了水稳性大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)粒径含量和团聚体MWD和GMD,促进了土壤团聚体的形成,增强了团聚体的稳定性。The effects of long-term application of organic fertilizer on the yield and water use efficiency of rain-fed potato and the stability of soil aggregate structure in the semi-arid region of Northwest China were studied based on the long-term positioning experiment of National Soil Anding District Observation and Experiment Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The results showed that fertilization significantly affected potato yield and water use efficiency through 8 years of positioning fertilizer experiment.Organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer(NPKM)treatment had the best effect,followed by organic fertilizer alone(OM)treatment.Compared with single-application fertilizer(NPK)treatment,long-term application of organic fertilizer(NPKM and OM)treatment increased potato yield by 24.4%and 17.5%,and water use efficiency by 32.2%and 22.0%,respectively.The soil water stability aggregate composition in the loess hilly and gully region increased in step with the decrease of particle size,and the micro-aggregate<0.25 mm occupied the dominant level,with the proportion of 41.9%-75.8%.Compared with CK,the agglomeration degree of 0-20 cm soil in the topsoil under different fertilization treatments increased significantly,and NPKM treatment had the best effect.Compared with NPK treatment,the water stable aggregates of soil with diameter>2,1-2,0.5-1 and 0.25-0.5 mm were increased by 169.4%,49.5%,206.4%and 28.8%,respectively,while the water stable aggregates of soil with diameter<0.25 mm was decreased by 31%.Compared with NPK treatment,NPKM and OM treatment significantly increased the content of>0.25 mm aggregates(R_(0.25)),mean weight diameter(MWD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD).NPK treatment significantly increased the content of 0.25-0.5 mm water-stable aggregates compared with CK.In summary,under the condition of loessial soil in the loess hilly and gully region of Northwest China,long-term application of organic fertilizer significantly affected potato yield and water use efficiency in extremely d

关 键 词：施肥 产量 水分利用效率 团聚体稳定性 黄土丘陵沟壑区 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学]