长期翻压绿肥减施化肥对河西绿洲灌区小麦生长及生态效应的影响  

Effects of long-term application of green manure and reduction of chemical fertilizers on wheat growth and ecological effects in Hexi oasis irrigation area

作　　者：崔恒 张久东[1,2,3] 车宗贤 包兴国[1,2,3] 卢秉林 杨蕊菊[1,2,3] 樊志龙 曹卫东[5] CUI Heng;ZHANG Jiu-dong;CHE Zong-xian;BAO Xing-guo;LU Bing-lin;YANG Rui-ju;FAN Zhi-long;CAO Wei-dong(Institute of Soil,Fertilizer and Water-saving Agriculture,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;Gansu Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment and Arable Land Conservation,Ministry of Agriculture,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality in Liangzhou,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou Gansu 730070;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [2]农业农村部甘肃耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站,甘肃兰州730070 [3]国家土壤质量凉州观测实验站,甘肃兰州730070 [4]甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070 [5]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2025年第3期91-101,共11页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700204-04);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(绿肥,CARS-22)。

摘　　要：为解决河西绿洲灌区化肥过量施用导致的减产及温室气体过量排放等问题,探究长期翻压绿肥后不同的化肥减施量对小麦产量及生态效应的影响。依托甘肃省武威绿洲农业综合实验站长期定位试验(始于2009年),设不施肥对照(CK),100%化肥(CF)以及翻压绿肥后化肥减施0%、10%、20%、30%、40%、100%(分别用MFR_(0)、MFR_(10)、MFR_(20)、MFR_(30)、MFR_(40)、MFR_(100)表示)8个处理,于2023年对比不同处理小麦产量、温室气体排放以及硝态氮淋失差异,并用生命周期法(LCA)定量评估不同处理碳足迹。结果表明:与CF处理相比,长期翻压绿肥后化肥减量40%以内均可促进小麦生长并显著提高小麦产量。翻压绿肥显著降低0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量,降低幅度在52.61%~67.52%,进而降低硝态氮向下淋失;显著提高前期土壤CO_(2)排放通量,较CK及CF处理分别提高220.2%及136.5%;降低土壤对CH_(4)的吸收作用;而N_(2)O累积排放随着化肥减施比例的提高呈现降低趋势,MFR_(40)处理较CF处理显著降低21.1%。翻压绿肥处理土壤有机碳固定显著提高,翻压绿肥后全球变暖潜力及温室气体排放强度随化肥减量的提高呈现降低趋势,化肥减量达到30%时为负值,表现为降低全球变暖的趋势。相较于CF处理,相同化肥施用量下翻压绿肥显著提高碳足迹,化肥特别是氮肥的生产和运输是碳足迹的主要贡献因子,相对贡献率在24.6%~33.8%(不施用化肥的CK及MFR_(100)除外),碳足迹随着化肥减量的提高不断下降,较CF处理,MFR_(20)、MFR_(30)及MFR_(40)处理分别显著降低5.2%、11.3%及17.7%。翻压绿肥30000 kg·hm^(-2)后化肥减量30%~40%能显著提高小麦产量、降低温室气体排放及碳足迹、减少硝态氮淋失,是优化河西绿洲灌区小麦施肥的有效措施。To solve the problems of yield reduction and excessive greenhouse gas emissions caused by the excessive application of chemical fertilizers in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area,the effects of different amounts of chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and the ecological effects after the long-term turning of green manure were explored.Based on the long-term positioning test of Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experiment Station in Gansu Province(started in 2009),a total of eight treatments were set up,including no fertilizer control(CK),100%chemical fertilizer(CF)and reduced chemical fertilizer application by 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,100%(represented by MFR_(0),MFR_(10),MFR_(20),MFR_(30),MFR_(40),MFR_(100),respectively).In 2023,the differences in wheat yield,greenhouse gas emissions,and nitrate-nitrogen leaching between different treatments were compared,and a life cycle assessment(LCA)was used to quantitively assess the carbon footprint of different treatments.The results showed that compared with CF treatment,long-term green manure turning promoted wheat growth and significantly increased wheat yield with 40%reduction or less in chemical fertilizer.Compacting green manure significantly reduced the content of nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm soil layer by 52.61%-67.52%,and then reduced the leaching of nitrate nitrogen.Compared with the CK and CF treatments,it increased the soil CO_(2)emission flux in the early stage,up to 220.2%and 136.5%,respectively,reduced the soil absorption of CH_(4).The cumulative emission of N_(2)O showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the proportion of fertilizer reduction,and MFR40 treatment was reduced by 21.1%,compared with CF treatment.The soil organic carbon fixation was significantly increased under the green manure treatment.The global warming potential and greenhouse gas emission intensity showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the amount of chemical fertilizer reduction.The amount of chemical fertilizer reduction reached 30%,the value was negative,showing a trend of reduci

关 键 词：小麦 绿肥 温室气体 碳足迹 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]