2023年极端暴雨下中国北方土石山区-黄土区土壤侵蚀的过渡特征  

The transitional characteristics of soil erosion in the earth-rocky mountain area-loess area of northern China under extreme rainstorm in 2023

作　　者：王嘉龄 韩剑桥 张亮[4] 李宗遥[4] 陈昊 张磊 WANG Jialing;HAN Jianqiao;ZHANG Liang;LI Zongyao;CHEN Hao;ZHANG Lei(The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,100049,Beijing,China;College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering,Northwest A&F University,712100,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;Lingqiu County Water Conservancy Supervision and Monitoring Center,034400,Lingqiu,Shanxi,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌712100 [5]灵丘县水利监督监测中心,山西灵丘034400

出　　处：《中国水土保持科学》2025年第2期66-76,共11页Science of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金“基于错峰调节的黄土丘陵沟壑区暴雨洪水源头水土保持调控机制”(42177327);水利部重大科技项目“流域错峰减洪的水土保持措施布局模式研究”(SKS-2022093);中国科学院国际伙伴计划“气候变化对阿根廷水土资源影响评估与综合适应对策研究”(16146KYSB20200001)。

摘　　要：为探究不同区域在极端暴雨影响下的土壤侵蚀差异,以2023年受中国北方大范围极端暴雨事件影响的3个小流域为对象,采用野外调查方法,研究土石山区、黄土区、土石山区-黄土区过渡区(以下简称过渡区)的土壤侵蚀特征及差异。结果表明:1)极端暴雨下,土壤侵蚀主要集中在坡耕地、梯田、道路等土地利用类型,林草地侵蚀较轻;从土石山区到黄土区,土壤侵蚀强度呈递增的过渡特征。2)坡耕地侵蚀最严重,主要以沟蚀为主,土石山区、过渡区、黄土区侵蚀模数分别为1万6613、3万9963、6万5232 t/km^(2)。3)梯田以田坎重力侵蚀为主,3个区域田坎损毁率分别为11.92%、18.54%和37.64%,侵蚀模数分别为2万2939、2万9314和4万1463 t/km^(2)。土坎梯田的侵蚀程度显著高于石坎梯田。4)道路侵蚀主要以2侧边坡崩塌和路面沟蚀为主,3个区域道路边坡发生崩塌的侵蚀模数分别为1万3004、2万5283、4万8859 t/km^(2),路面沟蚀侵蚀模数分别为5948、1万7134、4万3498 t/km^(2)。土质道路发生的侵蚀较为严重,石质道路相对较轻。综上所述,暴雨产生的集中流是土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素,需要加强截排水措施建设。此外,土石山区需持续强化高标准梯田建设,过渡区可考虑提升石坎梯田比例,黄土区应加强农艺管理避免地表裸露。研究成果可为水土流失分区精准施策提供科学依据。[Background]In recent years,extreme rainstorm has occurred frequently in northern China,causing serious soil and water erosion.In 2023,extreme heavy rainfall events occurred in northern China under the influence of Typhoon Du Suri.To explore the regional differences and causes of soil erosion caused by large-scale extreme rainstorm,this article selected Jingxing county in Hebei,Lingqiu county in Shanxi,and Binzhou city in Shaanxi as research objects,and finally proposed response strategies for different regions.[Methods]This article adopted a combination of on-site manual measurement and drone aerial photography.Typical small watersheds were selected in the survey area.After orthophoto by UAV,the location and degree of soil erosion in small watersheds were preliminarily analyzed according to the images.Finally,different land use types such as sloping farmland,terraces and roads in the small watershed were selected,and the field measurement was carried out by sampling method.The corresponding erosion modulus using different methods based on different types of land use erosion was calculated.[Results]1)Under extreme rainstorm,soil erosion was mainly concentrated in slope farmland,terraces,roads and other land use types,while forest and grassland erosion was lighter.From the earth-rock mountain area to the loess area,the soil erosion intensity was increasing.2)The erosion of slope farmland was the most serious,mainly gully erosion.The erosion modulus of soil-rock mountain area,transition area and loess area were 16613,39963 and 65232 t/km^(2),respectively.3)Terraced fields were primarily affected by gravitational erosion on field ridges.The damage rates of field ridges in the three regions were 11.92%,18.54%,and 37.64%,respectively.The erosion modulus was 22939,29314,and 41463 t/km^(2),respectively.The erosion degree of soil ridge terrace was significantly higher than that of stone ridge terrace.4)Road erosion was primarily characterized by collapse of side slopes and surface gully erosion.The erosion modulus from s

关 键 词：土壤侵蚀 极端暴雨 侵蚀特征 集中流 防治措施 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]