环境中微塑料的分析技术研究进展  

Research progress in analytical techniques of microplastics in the environment

作　　者：宋君 夏鑫鑫 朱昱[1] SONG Jun;XIA Xinxin;ZHU Yu(Department of Forensic Science of Criminal Investigation Police University of China,Shenyang 110854,China)

机构地区：[1]中国刑事警察学院刑事科学技术学院(法庭科学学院),沈阳110854

出　　处：《分析试验室》2025年第4期617-628,共12页Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory

基　　金：辽宁省法庭科学重点实验室开放课题(FTKX2022KF02)资助。

摘　　要：土壤、水体、大气等自然环境中的微塑料,通过食物链在生物体中累积传递,最终影响到人体,微塑料的分析检测对于污染防治意义重大。为快速准确分析微塑料成分,需要高效的微塑料采集和检测技术。本文综述了环境中微塑料采集和检测分析等技术的最新研究成果,着重介绍了采集技术中的新技术和新装置及其优点。微塑料采集技术分为消解和分离。分离技术包括密度浮选法、油提法、泡沫浮选法,以及吸附分离法、磁性分离法和微流控分离法等新型技术及装置。这些新技术大幅提升了分离效率、操作简易性和集成度。检测技术包括扫描电子显微镜法、光谱法和热分析法等。本文讨论了不同采集和检测技术的优缺点及适用场景,并展望了这些采集技术及装置的发展方向,为今后多元环境样品中标准化微塑料采集分离技术和装置的开发以及分析技术的研究提供参考。Microplastics in soil,water,atmosphere and other natural environments accumulate and transfer in organisms through the food chain and eventually affect the human body.The analysis of microplastics is of great significance for pollution prevention and control.To quickly and accurately analyze microplastic components,efficient microplastic pretreatment and detection technologies are needed.In this paper,the recent research on microplastics pretreatment and detection in the environment are reviewed,with emphasis on the latest achievements and advantages of new technologies and devices in the pretreatment technology,which technology is divided into digestion and separation.The separation technology includes common density flotation method,oil extraction method and foam flotation method,and new microplastic separation technologies and devices such as adsorption separation method,magnetic separation method and microfluidic separation method.These new technologies greatly improve the separation efficiency,and is ease of operation and integration.The detection techniques include scanning electron microscopy,spectroscopy and thermal analysis.In addition,this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and detection technologies and their applicability and briefly describes their development direction,providing references for the development of standardized pretreatment and analytical techniques for samples in multiple environments.

关 键 词：环境样品 微塑料 分离装置 标准化 

分 类 号：X53[环境科学与工程—环境工程]