债权执行场域下次债务人抵销预期保护的实现路径——以《民法典》第549条第1项规范意旨为基础  

The Realization Path of the Protection of the Third Debtor’s Set-off Expectation from the Perspective of Civil Code

作　　者：李春 Li Chun

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学法学院 [2]中国法治现代化研究院

出　　处：《交大法学》2025年第3期112-123,共12页SJTU Law Review

基　　金：2021年度教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目“民法典视域下抵销担保功能的规范体系研究”(项目编号:21YJC820019)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第549条第1项从债务人抗辩延续的角度来保护债务人的抵销预期。在债权人申请执行债务人对第三人享有债权之场合,基于债权查封之强制措施并未改变债权同一性,可参考《民法典》第549条第1项内蕴法理,使次债务人抵销预期的保护具备正当性。但此时,次债务人与查封债权人又会在查封债权收取上形成竞争关系,在保护次债务人抵销预期的同时,亦需兼顾查封债权人优先受偿的程序利益。于此,可效仿《民法典》第549条第1项在主动债权上设置的时间限定性基准,有限保护次债务人的抵销预期:次债务人在查封生效后取得对被执行人的反对债权的,不得以抵销对抗查封债权人;次债权人在查封生效之前虽已取得反对债权,但该债权的清偿期晚于查封债权到来时,亦然。另外,由于《企业破产法》与《民法典》在抵销权保护上存在差异,为促进强制执行与破产程序的有效衔接,有必要消弭前述两者之龃龉,构造抵销预期保护基本理论的同质化方案。The first paragraph of Article 549 of the Civil Code protects the debtor’s set-off expectation from the perspective of the continuation of the debtor's defense.On the occasion that the creditor applies for enforcement of the debtor's right to a third debtor,based on the fact that the compulsory measures of freezing the creditor’s right have not changed the identity of the creditor’s right,the legal principle contained in the first paragraph of Article 549 of the Civil Code can he referred to,so that the protection of set-off expectation of the third debtor can he justified.However,at this point,the third debtor and the sequestered creditor form a competitive relationship around the collection of frozen claims.While protecting the third debtor’s set-off expectation,it is also necessary to take into account the procedural interests of the sequestered creditor’s priority to receive compensation.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify the reasonable boundary of set-off expectation.In addition,due to the differences in the protection of the right of set-off between the Civil Code and the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law,in order to promote the effective connection between the compulsory execution and the bankruptcy procedure,it is necessary to eliminate the differences between the two and construct a homogenization scheme of the basic theory of the protection of set-off expectation.

关 键 词：法定抵销 抵销预期 破产抵销 债权同一性 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]