“宋代近世说(唐宋变革论)”与宋型国家概念的提出  

The Theory of Early Modernity in the Song Dynasty(Tang-Song Transition Theory)and the Concept of the Song-Type State

作　　者：李华瑞 LI Hua-rui(School of History,ZheJiang University,Hangzhou,310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学历史学院

出　　处：《云南社会科学》2025年第3期115-123,共9页Social Sciences in Yunnan

摘　　要：唐宋之际中国历史确实出现了巨大的变化,但是“宋代近世说(唐宋变革论)”并不是从中国历史的整体观察这个变化,且对许多历史现象的总结不尽符合实际。既然如此,在现今反思的基础上,走出唐宋变革论,对唐宋历史从范式角度作新的探索就实属必要。而将宋代置于中国古代史长河中与其他断代相比便会发现其所具有的独特性,首先,宋是唯一不与“夷狄”(游牧渔猎民族政权)一争雄长,且辖境最小的帝制国家;其次,宋是唯一在国家财政税收中工商税、专利税大大超过农业税的时代;再次,“宋学”功利思想占统治地位,在中国古代学术思想中独树一帜;最后,宋朝文官士大夫政治力量较之其他政治势力处于最高地位。这些独特性都充分说明了宋代是中国历史上具有鲜明特色类型的时期,而对“宋型国家”的探讨,最终目的是为了讨论两宋之后,蒙古族和满族能够建立政治上大一统帝制国家的原因。Significant transformations indeed occurred in Chinese history during the Tang-Song transition.However,Theory of Early Modernity in the Song Dynasty(Tang-Song Transition Theory)does not examine these changes from the overall perspective of Chinese history,and many of its generalizations about historical phenomena fail to accurately reflect the realities.In light of this,it is necessary to base on current critical reflection,move beyond Tang-Song Transition Theory and undertake a new paradigm-based exploration of Tang and Song history.When the Song Dynasty is situated within the broader continuum of Chinese antiquity and compared with other dynasties,its distinctiveness becomes apparent.First,it was the only imperial dynasty that did not contend for dominance with so-called“barbarian”(nomadic or fishing-hunting)regimes,and it possessed the smallest territorial extent among imperial polities.Second,it was the only period in which industrial and commercial taxes,along with state monopolies,far exceeded agricultural taxes in the national revenue.Third,the utilitarian orientation of Song Learning(song xue)held ideological dominance,setting it apart within the broader tradition of Chinese scholarly thought.Lastly,the political influence of the civil bureaucracy and scholar-officials reached its peak,surpassing that of other political forces.These distinctive features clearly demonstrate that the Song Dynasty represents a uniquely characterized phase in Chinese history.The ultimate aim of investigating the concept of the“Song-Type State”is to explore the reasons why the Mongols and Manchus were able to establish politically unified imperial regimes after the Song Dynasty.

关 键 词：“宋代近世说” 宋型国家 文官政治 国家财政 事功思想 民族交往 

分 类 号：K247[历史地理—历史学]