“斗绝一隅”——明清秦州工艺斗栱形制探析  

One Aspect of the Dou Gong Structure:An Exploration of Dou Gong Craftsmanship in Qinzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：孟祥武[1] 鲜伊杰 叶明晖[1] MENG Xiangwu;XIAN Yijie;YE Minghui

机构地区：[1]兰州理工大学建筑与艺术设计学院

出　　处：《建筑师》2025年第2期83-92,共10页The Architect

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“河湟地区明清藏传佛教殿堂建筑空间形制与营造技艺研究”(23YJAZH181);甘肃省高校教师创新基金项目“秦州传统建筑大木工艺研究”(2024A-027);甘肃省文物保护科学和技术研究课题项目“甘肃地区元代木构建筑调查报告与木作技艺研究”(GSWW202449)。

摘　　要：在传统建筑层面,“秦州工艺”是以小面代指大域的建筑营造技艺,其中尤以大木为首,斗栱为精。关于斗栱部分目前尚属“秦州工艺”的研究空白。文章在对天水84处传统古建筑实地测绘的基础上,展开对斗栱构造特征的研究,重点关注了栱构件的分型分类特征、构件间叠压关系以及不同建筑类型所适用的斗栱匹配关系等问题。研究发现秦州工艺中歇山建筑四面出斗栱形式复杂,悬山和硬山形制简单;早期斗制在当地颇为常见,但已发生细微变化;栱头的各类构造法属早期做法,并在当地使用率极高;卯的开口位置严格遵循斗栱的叠压原则:“山面压檐面,斜向压正向”。The“Qinzhou Craft”in the context of traditional architecture,refers to construction techniques that use smaller elements to symbolize larger domains,emphasizing large timbers and exquisite dougong brackets.Currently,there is a gap in research concerning the dougong aspect of the“Qinzhou Craft”.Based on the on-site measurement of 84 traditional ancient buildings in Qinzhou,this article conducts a study on the structural characteristics of bracket sets,focusing on the typing and classification features of the bracket components,the interlocking relationship between components,and the matching relationships of bracket sets applicable to different types of buildings.The study found that the bracket set forms of the Xieshan buildings in the Qinzhou area are complex,while the Xuanshan and Yingshan forms are relatively simple;the early bracket system was quite common locally but has undergone subtle changes;the various construction methods of the bracket head belong to the early practices and are highly used locally;the position of the tenon’s opening strictly follows the interlocking principle of the bracket set:“The gable end presses the eave end,and the diagonal direction presses the straight direction.”

关 键 词：秦州工艺 匹配 栱构件 叠压 古法 

分 类 号：TU092[建筑科学]