清代宫廷演剧机构与礼乐体系之关系  

The Relationship between the Qing Dynasty's Court Drama Institutions and the Ritual and Music System

作　　者：王岩[1] WANG Yan(Chinese National Academy of Arts,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]中国艺术研究院戏曲研究所,北京100012

出　　处：《内蒙古艺术学院学报》2025年第1期179-187,共9页Journal of Inner Mongolia Arts University

基　　金：2019年国家社科基金青年项目“国家图书馆藏清宫戏曲文献研究”(项目编号:19CTQ017)阶段性成果;国家社科基金重大项目“清代宫廷戏剧史料汇编与文献文物研究”子项目“清宫戏曲文物搜集整理与研究”(项目编号:20&ZD270)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清代宫廷礼乐体系在乾隆朝趋于定型,并以乐部的成立为主要标志,用以统辖太常寺神乐署、和声署、掌仪司和銮仪卫等负有礼乐演奏职能的相关部门。但掌仪司作为内务府所辖“七司三院”之一,仅在名义上归乐部统辖。而南府、景山作为宫廷演剧机构,在乾隆七年(1742)以后则逐渐脱离掌仪司,成为与之平级的内务府下辖部门。南府、景山在乾隆朝的管理机制是在内务府大臣的统辖下,由总管南府景山事务大臣总理事务、管理南府景山事务处负责日常事务和文移、内总管负责具体教演业务的多级管理体制。因此,南府、景山与乐部之间并不存在隶属和管辖关系。在清代礼乐体系中,祭祀仪典、朝会燕飨、出朝钟鼓才是其主要内容,因此设置乐部总领其事;而宫廷之内的演剧活动则等而次之或不宜大肆宣扬,因此被划入内务府的管理范畴。The Qing Dynasty's court ritual and music system became standardized during the Qianlong period,marked primarily by the establishment of the Ministry of Music.This institution was responsible for overseeing related departments with functions in ritual and music performance,such as the Imperial Academy of Music under the Ministry of Rites,the Harmonious Music Office,the Directorate of Ceremonial,and the Imperial Guards Band.However,the Directorate of Ceremonial,as one of the "seven departments and three courts" under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,was nominally under the authority of the Ministry of Music.After the seventh year of the Qianlong era,the Nanfu and Jingshan,as court drama institutions,gradually became independent of the Directorate of Ceremonial and evolved into departments under the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the same level.The management mechanism of the Nanfu and Jingshan during the Qianlong period was a multi-tiered system under the jurisdiction of the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.The overall affairs were managed by the Minister in charge of the affairs of the Nanfu and Jingshan,the daily affairs and documents were handled by the Office for the Management of the Nanfu and Jingshan Affairs,and the specific teaching and performance business was the responsibility of the Inner Director.Therefore,there was no subordinate or supervisory relationship between the Nanfu,Jingshan,and the Ministry of Music.Sacrificial ceremonies,court audiences,and banquets,as well as the playing of bells and drums when the emperor leaves the palace,were the main components of the ritual and music system,hence the establishment of the Ministry of Music to take overall charge;whereas the court's internal dramatic performances were of secondary importance or not to be widely publicized,and thus were placed under the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

关 键 词：南府 礼乐 乐部 掌仪司 和声署 

分 类 号：J609.2[艺术—音乐]