安岳石窟圆觉洞造像彩绘颜料分析与研究  

Analysis and Research on Polychrome Pigments for the Statues of Yuanjue Cave,Anyue Grottoes

作　　者：周伟强 刘宁 何静 陈卉丽 雷雨 阮方红 侯静敏 ZHOU Wei-qiang;LIU Ning;HE Jing;CHEN Hui-li;LEI Yu;RUAN Fang-hong;HOU Jing-min(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwestern University,Xi'an 710127,China;School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi'an 710021,China;Academy of Dazu Rock Carvings,Chongqing 402360,China;Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage,Xi'an 710075,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710127 [2]陕西科技大学材料科学与工程学院,陕西西安710021 [3]大足石刻研究院,重庆402360 [4]陕西省文物保护研究院,陕西西安710075

出　　处：《光谱学与光谱分析》2025年第5期1373-1382,共10页Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF0906700)资助。

摘　　要：安岳石窟圆觉洞造像始建于唐代,盛于五代和宋代,具有上承龙门、云冈石窟,下启大足石刻的特点,在中国佛教石窟艺术史上占有重要地位。由于潮湿、半露天的自然环境和不当修复等人为因素的影响,造像表面出现大面积的颜料粉化、起甲和剥落,少数被近现代颜料覆盖,而目前又缺少相关的科学分析。为了实现彩绘造像的保护修复,需要对原有彩绘颜料成分和工艺进行分析。研究过程中主要采用显微分析、扫描电镜-能谱分析和微区拉曼光谱相结合的方法综合确定颜料成分和层次结构,总结安岳圆觉洞的彩绘工艺,同时发现颜料重绘现象,对重绘与颜料剥落病害的关系进行初步探讨。实验结果表明:安岳圆觉洞彩绘均以白色颜料打底,打底材料使用石膏或方解石,这与石窟开凿时代和修缮情况一致。表面装饰材料使用有多种传统颜料,红色颜料为铁红和朱砂,橙色颜料为铅丹,绿色颜料为石绿,蓝色颜料为群青,黑色颜料为炭黑,金色为金。此外结合显微剖面和拉曼结果,在K7、K9、K42还发现多种近现代人工合成颜料,如铅铬黄、普鲁士蓝、巴黎绿的变色产物氯砷钠铜石等,表明造像经历了多次重绘。多次重绘使颜料层整体厚度增加,颜料胶结物性质差异等可能加剧了颜料剥落病害的产生。该研究为彩绘颜料的鉴定和圆觉洞保护修复提供科学依据。The statue of Yuanjue Cave in Anyue Grottoes was built in the Tang Dynasty,flourished in the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty,which has the characteristics of inheriting Longmen and Yungang Grottoes and inspiring Dazu Rock Carving.It occupies an important position in the history of Chinese Buddhist grotto art.Due to the humid semi-open-air natural environment,improper restoration,and other human factors,a large area of pigment chalking,peeling,and flaking appeared on the statue's surface,and some were covered with modern pigments.However,there is a lack of relevant scientific analysis.To realize the conservation and restoration of the painted statues,it is necessary to analyze the composition and process of the original painted pigments.In the research process,we mainly use the combination of microscopic analysis,scanning electron microscope-energy spectrum analysis,and micro-area Raman spectroscopy to comprehensively determine the pigment composition and hierarchical structure and summarize the painting process of AnyueYuanjue Cave.At the same time,we will discover the phenomenon of pigment repainting and initially explore the relationship between pigment repainting and pigment flaking disease.The experimental results show that the color painting of Yuanjue Cave is based on a white power layer,and gypsum or calcite is used as the base material.This is consistent with the period of cave excavation and restoration.The surface decoration materials use a variety of traditional pigments:red pigments are hematite and vermilion,orange pigments are minium,green pigments are malachite,blue pigments are ultramarine,black pigments are carbon,and gold is gold.In addition,combined with the microscopic section and Raman results,a variety of modern synthetic pigments are also found in K7,K9,and K42,such as lead-chrome yellow,Prussian blue,and lavendulan(the decomposition of emerald green),etc.,indicating that the statue was later painted.Multiple repainting increases the overall thickness of the pigment layer,and differences in

关 键 词：安岳石窟 彩绘颜料 拉曼光谱 重层彩绘 颜料剥落 

分 类 号：O657.37[理学—分析化学]