短期减施氮肥对华南地区早晚兼用型水稻产量和稻米品质的影响  

Effects of a Short-Term Reduction in Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on the Grain Yield and Rice Quality of Early and Late-Season Dual-Use Rice in South China

作　　者：刘劲松 伍龙梅 包晓哲 刘志霞[1] 张彬[1] 杨陶陶 LIU JinSong;WU LongMei;BAO XiaoZhe;LIU ZhiXia;ZHANG Bin;YANG TaoTao(Rice Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High-Quality Rice in Southern China(Co-construction by Ministry and Province),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Guangzhou 510640)

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院水稻研究所/广东省水稻育种新技术重点实验室/广东省水稻工程实验室/农业农村部华南优质稻遗传育种实验室,广州510640

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2025年第8期1508-1520,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2022A1515011279);广东省农业科学院人才培养计划(R2023PY-QF001);广州市科技计划项目(2023A04J0807)。

摘　　要：【目的】适当减少氮肥投入是水稻生产中可持续性的管理措施。研究减施氮肥对华南地区早晚兼用型水稻产量和稻米品质的影响,可为‘丝苗米’品种的优质丰产栽培和氮素管理提供理论依据。【方法】于2022—2023年在广东省农业科学院大丰试验基地开展了2年原位大田试验,以2个早晚兼用型‘丝苗米’品种(19香、南晶香占)为试验材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,主区为减少20%氮肥施用量(RN)和常规氮肥施用量(CN)2个处理,裂区为水稻品种,比较分析减氮条件下早晚兼用型水稻产量和稻米品质的变化特征。【结果】与CN相比,RN条件下的早晚兼用型水稻晚季产量无影响,但显著降低早季产量,2年平均降幅为11.7%,早季产量的降低主要与其总颖花数的减少有关。RN对早季稻米精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度无影响,但显著降低早季整精米率,2年平均降低3.30%;RN对早季米饭硬度无影响,显著降低稻米中蛋白质含量、米饭黏性和食味值,平均降幅分别为0.61%、12.80%和2.80%,而显著提高稻米中直链淀粉含量,平均提高1.23%。RN对晚季稻米精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量、米饭硬度和黏性以及食味值均无显著影响。另外,RN条件下早季整精米率的降低可能与蛋白质含量下降有关,米饭黏性和食味值的降低与直链淀粉含量升高有关。【结论】短期减施氮肥降低早晚兼用型水稻早季产量、稻米加工品质和食味品质;但减施氮肥并不影响早季外观品质,晚季产量、加工品质、外观品质以及食味品质。因此,在早晚兼用型水稻生产中,早季应保障充足的氮素供应以维持水稻产量和品质;而在当前氮肥施用水平下,晚季减施20%氮肥仍可实现水稻稳产优质。【Objective】Optimal reduction of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application is a sustainable management strategy in rice production.The effects of lowering N fertilizer input on grain yield and rice quality of early and late-season dual-use rice in South China were investigated,which could provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield cultivation and nitrogen management of the ‘Simiao Rice'.【Method】A two-year in-situ field trial was carried out at the Dafeng Experimental Base of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2022 to 2023,two early and late-season dual-use ‘Simiao Rice'(19Xiang and Nanjingxiangzhan) were used as test cultivars,and a two-factor split-plot experimental design was adopted.The main plots were a 20% reduced N fertilizer application rate treatment(RN) and the conventional N fertilizer application rate treatment(CN).The split plots were rice varieties,to analyze the changing characteristics of early and late-season dual-use rice yield and quality under RN conditions.【Result】Compared with CN,RN did not change the grain yield in the late season,but significantly decreased the grain yield in the early season by an average of 11.7% in the two years.The decrease in grain yield under RN conditions was related to the decline in total spikelet.In the early season,RN did not affect milled rice rate,chalky grain rate,and chalkiness,but significantly reduced head rice rate by an average of 3.30% in the two years.RN had no effect on the hardness of cooked rice in the early season,but significantly reduced its protein content,stickiness and taste value of cooked rice,with an average reduction of 0.61%,12.80%and 2.80%,respectively,and significantly increased its amylose content by an average of 1.23%.RN did not influence the milled rice rate,head rice rate,chalky grain rate,chalkiness,amylose and protein content,and the hardness,stickiness,and taste value of cooked rice in the late season.In addition,the relevant analysis showed that the decrease in head rice rate of RN treat

关 键 词：早晚兼用型水稻 ‘丝苗米’ 氮肥 产量 稻米品质 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]