苗期低温对棉花花芽分化和棉株产量的影响  

Effects of Low Temperature at Seedling Stage on Cotton Floral Bud Differentiation and Cotton Plant Yield

作　　者：赵宇萱 苗纪元 胡伟[1] 周治国[1] ZHAO YuXuan;MIAO JiYuan;HU Wei;ZHOU ZhiGuo(College of Agriculture,Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Production Management,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Cosponsored by Province and Ministry,Nanjing 210095;Wenzhou Agricultural Technology Promotion Center,Wenzhou 325000,Zhejiang)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学农学院/农业农村部作物生理生态与生产管理重点实验室/现代作物生产省部共建协同创新中心,南京210095 [2]温州市农业技术推广中心,浙江温州325000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2025年第7期1311-1320,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系—棉花产业技术体系(CARS-15-14)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究苗期低温对棉花花芽分化的危害和籽棉产量的影响,分析苗期低温下棉花顶芽内源激素的变化特征,为低温下棉花优质高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以早熟、优质棉花品种中425为材料,于2022-2023年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站智能温室开展苗期低温盆栽试验,模拟南疆阿克苏地区棉花苗期的日均温环境,设置2个温度处理,分别是对照(CK,日均温27℃,日均最高、最低温分别为32、22℃)、低温(LT,日均温20℃,日均最高、最低温度分别为25、15℃),研究苗期低温下棉花花芽分化数量、大小、形态解剖结构和顶芽内源激素变化,苗期低温解除后棉铃及其组分生物量、籽棉产量相关指标变化。【结果】在棉花花芽分化过程中,苗期低温下棉花顶芽内的生长素(IAA)含量升高、ZR与GA_3含量的比值(ZR/GA_3)降低使花芽分化受到抑制,脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA_3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量升高以响应低温带来的不利影响。顶芽内源激素受苗期低温影响发生变化,使花芽分化进程减缓,第1果枝第1果节花芽分化至苞片分化期、萼片分化期、花瓣-雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期、性器官形成期时,叶龄分别增加16.6%-19.4%、26.5%-31.3%、17.6%-29.0%、16.6%-23.3%、26.6%-30.0%;棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期的花芽数量分别减少了33.3%-55.2%、24.0%-53.1%、26.8%-32.9%,由于苗期低温下棉苗生长发育迟缓,相同温度处理天数的棉苗花芽数量减少更为显著,与对照组棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期相同低温处理天数的棉苗花芽数量减少66.7%-85.7%、74.0%-87.8%、70.7%-81.7%,棉苗4叶1心、5叶1心、6叶1心期的花芽分别减少33.3%-36.4%、70.7%-71.6%、44.6%-48.3%。苗期低温解除后,棉铃发育依然受到影响,棉铃及其组分生物量均显著降低,铃壳、纤维、棉籽生物量分别降低64.6%、65.5%、66.7%,棉花铃数降低65.4%,最终籽棉产量降低65.5%。【�【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the harm of low temperature in the cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)seedling stage on floral bud differentiation and the effect on seedcotton yield,to analyze the change characteristics of cotton floral bud differentiation phenotypes and terminal buds endogenous hormones under low temperature,so as to provide the theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technology of cotton under low temperature.【Method】Using the early-maturing and high-quality cotton variety Zhong 425 as the material,a pot experiment was conducted in the smart greenhouse of the Pailou Experimental Station of Nanjing Agricultural University from 2022 to 2023 to simulate the daily average temperature environment during the cotton seedling stage in Aksu,southern Xinjiang.Two temperature treatments were set up:the control(CK,with a daily average temperature of 27℃,and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 32 and 22℃,respectively)and the low-temperature treatment(LT,with a daily average temperature of 20℃,and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 25 and 15℃,respectively).The number,size,and morphological anatomical structure of cotton flower bud differentiation were investigated,and the changes in endogenous hormones in shoot apices under low temperature during the seedling stage were analyzed.Additionally,the changes in cotton bolls and their component biomass,as well as relevant indicators of seed cotton yield,were examined after the removal of low temperature stress during the seedling stage.【Result】During the differentiation of cotton flower buds,the increase in Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)content and the decrease in trans-Zeatin-riboside/Gibberellin A3(ZR/GA3)ratio in the terminal buds of cotton under low temperature during the seedling stage inhibited flower bud differentiation.Meanwhile,the content of abscisic acid Abscisic Acid(ABA),GA3,and ZR increased in response to the adverse effects of low temperature.Changes in endogenous hormones in the shoot

关 键 词：棉花 苗期 低温 花芽分化 内源激素 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]