绿肥还田结合氮肥减施对干旱灌区麦田土壤水热特征及小麦产量的影响  

Effects of Green Manure Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction on Hydrothermal Characteristics of Wheat Field and Grain Yield in Oasis Irrigation Area

作　　者：尹波 于爱忠[1] 王鹏飞 杨学慧 王玉珑 尚永盼 张冬玲 刘亚龙 李悦 王凤 YIN Bo;YU AiZhong;WANG PengFei;YANG XueHui;WANG YuLong;SHANG YongPan;ZHANG DongLing;LIU YaLong;LI Yue;WANG Feng(College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Lanzhou 730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学农学院/干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,兰州730070

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2025年第7期1366-1380,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1900200);国家自然科学基金(32160524);现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-22-G-12);教育厅产业支撑项目(2021CYZC-54);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(GAUfx-04J01);甘肃省自然科学基金(22JR5RA867)。

摘　　要：【目的】针对西北干旱灌区小麦长期连作、生产过程中氮肥用量过高等问题,研究绿肥还田配合减量施氮对小麦田土壤水热变化特征和产量的影响,以期为该地区施氮制度优化提供理论依据。【方法】于2021—2022年在甘肃武威绿洲农业试验站进行田间试验,设置无绿肥还田(G0)、常规施氮(N1)处理(G0N1),以及3个绿肥还田处理(G1、G2、G3,分别为施用绿肥15 000、22 500、30 000 kg?hm-2)和两个化学氮肥减量处理(N2、N3,分别为较常规施氮减少15%、30%),形成的绿肥还田结合减氮组合试验处理,即G1N2、G2N2、G3N2、G1N3、G2N3、G3N3。分析绿肥还田结合减氮对麦田土壤水热变化特征、小麦叶面积指数和产量的影响。【结果】绿肥还田结合减氮可提高麦田0—120 cm土层土壤贮水量,与G0N1相比,G2N2、G3N2、G3N3提高4.0%—7.8%,其中G3N2处理在播种期、营养生长期、生殖生长期和收获期的各土层均保持较高的土壤含水量。播种期—拔节期,G2N2、G3N2、G3N3较G0N1土壤温度提高0.6—1.3℃,土壤积温提高24.8—55.3℃;灌浆期—成熟期,各绿肥还田结合减氮处理土壤温度较G0N1降低0.4—1.0℃,土壤积温降低7.9—20.0℃,同时G3N2在土壤增温和降温阶段的变化幅度小于其他处理。绿肥还田结合减氮显著提高小麦孕穗期—成熟期叶面积指数,为生育后期干物质积累提供足够的光合源。该条件下小麦生物量和籽粒产量较G0N1分别提高13.7%—28.0%、11.7%—31.3%,其中G3N2提升幅度最大。相关性分析表明,小麦产量及构成因素与叶面积指数、0—60 cm土层土壤含水量和土壤温度呈极显著正相关;结构方程模型分析发现,土壤水热条件通过直接影响叶面积指数来间接影响产量的变化。【结论】绿肥还田结合减氮通过改善麦田土壤水热环境、提高小麦叶面积指数,从而获得高产。因此,30 000 kg?hm-2绿肥+减氮15%是西北干旱灌区优化田间�【Objective】In order to solve the problems of long-term continuous cropping of wheat and high amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the production process in the arid irrigation area of Northwest China,the effects of green manure returning combined with reduced nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal variation characteristics and yield of wheat were studied,so as to provide the theoretical basis for the optimization of nitrogen application system in this area.【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station from 2021 to 2022.The treatments included no green manure(G0)and conventional nitrogen application(N1),as well as three green manure returning treatments(G1,G2,G3,applying green manure 15000,22500,30000 kg·hm-2,respectively)and two nitrogen fertilizer reduction treatments(N2,N3,reducing 15%and 30%compared with conventional nitrogen application,respectively).The effects of green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction on soil water and heat variation characteristics,leaf area index and yield of wheat field were analyzed.【Result】The green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction could increase soil water storage in 0-120 cm soil layer of wheat field.Compared with G0N1,G2N2,G3N2 and G3N3 increased soil water storage by 4.0%-7.8%.Among them,G3N2 maintained higher soil water content in all soil layers during sowing,vegetative,reproductive and harvesting stages.From sowing to jointing stage,the soil temperature under G2N2,G3N2 and G3N3 increased by 0.6-1.3℃and the soil accumulated temperature increased by 24.8-55.3℃compared with G0N1.From the filling stage to the mature stage,the soil temperature of each green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction treatment was 0.4-1.0℃lower than that under G0N1,and the soil accumulated temperature decreased by 7.9-20.0℃.At the same time,the temperature change range under G3N2 in soil warming and cooling stage was smaller than that under other treatments.Green manure returning combined with

关 键 词：小麦 绿肥还田 氮肥减施 土壤水热特征 叶面积指数 产量 西北干旱灌区 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]