无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究  

Study on yield formation characteristics,energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice

作　　者：翁文安 邢志鹏 胡群 魏海燕 廖萍 朱海滨 瞿济伟 李秀丽 刘桂云 高辉 张洪程 WENG Wen-An;XING Zhi-Peng;HU Qun;WEI Hai-Yan;LIAO Ping;ZHU Hai-Bin;QU Ji-Wei;LI Xiu-Li;LIU Gui-Yun;GAO Hui;ZHANG Hong-Cheng(Research institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology,Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China;Collage of Mechanical Engineering/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China;Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute of Jiangsu Dazhong Farm Group Co.,Ltd.,Yancheng 224135,Jiangsu,China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院/江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室/江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心,江苏扬州225009 [2]扬州大学机械工程学院/江苏省现代农机农艺融合技术工程中心,江苏扬州225009 [3]大中农场集团有限公司农业科技研究所,江苏盐城224135

出　　处：《作物学报》2025年第5期1363-1377,共15页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022338);江苏省水稻产业技术体系项目(JATS [2023] 443);江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX23_3574)资助。

摘　　要：本研究旨在探讨无人化旱直播(unmanneddrydirect-seeding,UDS)水稻的丰产形成规律,分析稳产栽培的关键技术,为无人化旱直播技术的规模化推广提供理论依据和技术支持。于2021—2023年,以南粳5718为材料,以无人化毯苗机插(unmanned carpet seedling machine transplanting, UMT)为对照,在江苏省稻麦两熟制代表性地区大丰和泗洪开展了大面积丰产栽培试验,系统研究了无人化旱直播水稻的生育期特征、分蘖特性、光合物质生产和产量形成规律,分析其能量投入及经济效益。结果表明,不同生态区无人化旱直播水稻的全生育期较对照缩短12~19d,全生育期有效积温减少226.1~329.3℃。与对照相比,无人化旱直播通过提高主茎成穗比例,利用主茎的生长优势可以提高水稻拔节期和抽穗期的叶面积指数,从而提高播种到拔节阶段的群体生长率、群体净同化率以及拔节至抽穗阶段的群体光合势。然而,较低的成穗率和群体颖花量以及干物质积累量的减少是导致减产的重要因素,无人化旱直播水稻的产量平均降低了5.4%~5.9%。从能量投入和经济效益来看,无人化旱直播水稻种植环节的机械化集成度较高,耕播环节的机械能量投入减少43.8%,能源投入减少27.8%,总体能量投入减少了5.8%,水稻生产成本降低了11.8%,经济效益增加了3.4%。综上,在生产上应当进一步优化无人化旱直播栽培质量,在充分发挥主茎生长优势下,重点调控优势蘖位分蘖的发生及最终成穗以满足无人化旱直播水稻壮主茎、攻足穗的生产目标。同时应当以合理增加生育中期的生长量为重点,促进生育后期干物质的积累,提高穗部生物量,在大群体库容的前提下获得充足的籽粒灌浆物质,以实现无人化旱直播水稻进一步增产。This study investigated the yield formation characteristics of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice(UDS),analyzed key cultivation techniques for stable yield production,and provided theoretical foundations and technical support for the large-scale application of this technology.From 2021 to 2023,a high-yield cultivation experiment was conducted in representative rice-wheat double-cropping areas of Jiangsu Province,using Nanjing 5718 as the test material and unmanned carpet seedling machine transplanting(UMT)as the control.The study assessed growth period characteristics,tillering dynamics,photosynthetic matter production,yield performance,energy input,and economic benefits.The results showed that the full growth period of UDS in different ecological regions was shortened by 12-19 days compared to UMT,with the effective accumulated temperature in whole growth period decreasing by 226.1-329.3°C.Compared to UMT,UDS increased the proportion of main stem spikes,leveraging the growth advantage of the main stem to enhance the leaf area index during the jointing and heading stages.This improvement boosted the population growth rate and net assimilation rate from sowing to jointing,as well as the photosynthetic potential from jointing to heading.However,UDS exhibited a lower productive tiller percentage and total spikelet number,along with reduced dry matter accumulation,which were significant factors contributing to yield loss,resulting in a 5.4%-5.9%average yield reduction.From the perspective of energy input and economic benefits,UDS demonstrated higher mechanization efficiency.Mechanical energy input during the tillage and sowing phase was reduced by 43.8%,energy resource input decreased by 27.8%,and overall energy input was reduced by 5.8%.Additionally,UDS lowered rice production costs by 11.8%and increased economic benefits by 3.4%.To further enhance UDS yields,production practices should focus on optimizing cultivation quality by regulating the emergence of advantageous tillers and ensuring their final heading to achi

关 键 词：水稻 无人化旱直播 生育特征 产量 能量投入 经济效益 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]