人工智能产品侵权归责何以脱离产品责任?  

OnWhat Grounds Should AI-Related Infringement Liability be Distinguished from Product Liability?

作　　者：窦海阳[1] Dou Haiyang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第2期325-343,共19页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划(项目编号:DF2023YS32)资助。

摘　　要：人工智能产品侵权的归责是适用产品责任,还是新设责任类型,比较法和国内法都无定论。基于受害者保护及促进产品安全的规范目的,当人工智能产品能满足产品责任中产品及相关规则的隐含要求时,产品责任能容纳该部分侵权的归责。因人工智能技术内在的不可控,人工智能产品侵权必然会超出产品责任的容纳范围。对于超出部分的归责,需在危险事由中确证其特殊性,即从抽象的一般性危险中具体界定符合人工智能产品致害特性的危险,从而有别于产品责任的危险和高度危险。这种人工智能产品致害危险源于生产者,基于非相互性风险理论,应由其承担无过错责任。在体系建构上,宜采以单行法新设责任类型与改进产品责任并行的方式。建构归责事由合理、规则完善的人工智能产品侵权责任体系,既能对受害者提供充足保护,也能为人工智能技术的发展与运用留有宝贵空间。The attribution of liability for artificial intelligence(AI)product-related infringements remains unsettled in both comparative and domestic law,with no definitive consensus on whether to apply product liability or establish a new category of liability.Considering the regulatory objectives of protecting victims and promoting product safety,product liability can accommodate AI-related infringements when AI products meet the implicit requirements of“products”and corresponding rules under product liability law.However,due to the inherent uncontrollability of AI technology,certain infringements will inevitably exceed the scope of product liability.For these cases,liability attribution should be grounded in the identification of AI-specific risks within the category of hazardous causes.This requires distinguishing AI-related risks from general product liability risks and highly hazardous risks by concretely defining the harm-causing characteristics of AI products.Since the source of such AI-generated risks originates from the producer,the principle of non-reciprocal risk theory supports imposing strict liability on them.From a structural perspective,a dual approach is advisable:simultaneously introducing a new category of liability through standalone legislation while refining the existing product liability framework.Establishing a well-structured AI product liability system with clearly defined attribution grounds and comprehensive regulations would not only ensure adequate protection for victims but also provide room for the advancement and application of AI technology.

关 键 词：人工智能产品 产品责任 危险责任 无过错责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]