论人工智能致损的特殊侵权责任规则  

Onthe Special Tort Liability Rules for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence

作　　者：林洹民 Lin Huanmin

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第2期344-362,共19页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“新一代生成式人工智能发展的法治问题研究”(项目编号:24&ZD135)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：人工智能侵权责任认定与承担是人工智能立法的重点与难点之一。产品责任路径并不能有效回应人工智能应用侵权引发的过错与因果关系证明、新型损害界定以及责任主体确定三大挑战。人工智能侵权责任立法应在过错责任的基础上,修补式配置专门条款,纾解被侵权人在责任成立与承担上的举证压力。被侵权人只有借助对人工智能研发记录、活动日志等文件的访问,才能克服信息不对称带来的举证障碍。立法应规定证据开示规则,规定人工智能相关主体在一定条件下的信息披露义务,为法院发布书证提出命令提供实体法基础。人工智能时代对虚拟损害的救济,与其扩张物质性损害的边界,不若摒弃精神损害赔偿的严重性要件,转采“显著性”标准。为了减轻人工智能商品消费者的因果关系证明负担,立法应确定特定条件下的因果关系推定规则。当损害确定地因义务违反行为而发生,只是责任源头难以查清时,同一商业技术单元成员应对损害承担连带责任。The determination and assumption of liability for artificial intelligence(AI)infringement are among the key and challenging issues in AI legislation.The product liability approach fails to effectively address three major challenges posed by AI-related infringements:proof of fault and causation,the definition of new types of damages,and the identification of liable parties.AI infringement liability legislation should be based on fault liability while incorporating specialized supplementary provisions to alleviate the evidentiary burden on the infringed party in establishing and assuming liability.The infringed party can only overcome the evidentiary barriers caused by information asymmetry by accessing AI development records,activity logs,and other relevant documents.Legislation should establish evidence disclosure rules and impose information disclosure obligations on AI-related entities under certain conditions,providing a substantive legal basis for courts to issue orders for document production.Regarding the redress of virtual damages in the AI era,rather than expanding the scope of material damages,it would be preferable to abandon the strict requirement of“seriousness”for mental damages and adopt a“significance”standard instead.To reduce the burden of proving causation for AI product consumers,legislation should establish causation presumption rules under specific conditions.When damages are definitively caused by a breach of obligation but the exact source of liability is difficult to ascertain,all members of the same commercial and technological unit should bear joint and several liability for the damages.

关 键 词：人工智能侵权 产品责任 过错责任 证据开示 虚拟损害 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]