人工智能侵权中的责任主体及归责原则  

Tortfeasors and Attribution Principles in Artificial Intelligence Torts

作　　者：陈晨[1,2] Chen Chen

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学 [2]慕尼黑大学

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第2期363-380,共18页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：国家留学基金委国外合作项目(项目编号:202407070012)资助。

摘　　要：人工智能的自主决策和系统互联等技术特征给人工智能侵权责任的认定和分配带来挑战。从侵权责任的补偿和预防功能出发,规则的设计要考虑不同行为主体对风险的控制力和预防能力,实现技术发展与风险控制的平衡。人工智能本身不宜作为独立责任主体,原则上应当将人工智能侵权中的责任更多地分配给提供者而非使用者。人工智能属于产品,应当在动态的投入市场时间段,运用体现了风险分级的“理性人工智能”标准判断其是否存在缺陷。人工智能提供者承担产品责任,而不宜承担不考虑缺陷的更严格的无过错责任。人工智能使用者对人工智能的控制力有限且很大程度上依赖于提供者,在人工智能侵权中应当承担过错责任。结合人工智能技术特点判断使用者注意义务的成立,灵活而有区别地确定注意义务的内容,能够实现人工智能风险事先规制法与事后救济法之间的联动。The autonomous decision-making and system interconnectivity of artificial intelligence(AI)introduce challenges in determining and allocating liability for AI-related infringements.From the perspective of tort law's compensatory and preventive functions,the design of liability rules must consider the degree of risk control and preventive capabilities of different actors to balance technological development with risk management.AI itself should not be regarded as an independent subject of liability.As a principle,liability in AI-related infringements should be primarily allocated to AI providers rather than users.Given that AI is a product,the assessment of whether it is defective should be based on a rational AI standard that incorporates a risk-tiered approach throughout the dynamic period of market deployment.AI providers should bear product liability but should not be subject to an excessively strict no-fault liability that disregards the existence of defects.AI users,on the other hand,have limited control over AI and largely rely on providers.Therefore,their liability in AI-related infringements should be based on fault.To establish users'duty of care,it is essential to assess this duty in light of AI's technical characteristics and flexibly differentiate its content.This approach enables an effective interaction between ex-ante regulatory mechanisms and ex-post remedial measures in AI risk governance.

关 键 词：人工智能 侵权主体 归责原则 产品责任 过错责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]