外币债务如何履行?  

How to Discharge A Foreign Currency Debt?

作　　者：李建星 Li Jianxing

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第2期500-519,共20页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：2023年度上海市“曙光计划”项目(项目编号:23SG56)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在中国坚定不移推进高水平对外开放的背景下,私人交易有越来越多的可能会牵涉到外币债务。但是,关于“外币债务如何履行”,既有观点在给付标的、债务范围、履行替代等方面存在重大争议。故而,有必要立足于《民法典》第514条建构外币债务履行的教义学规范体系,回应实践问题,填补理论缺失。因为金钱债务的财产价值与给付标的具有可分离性,所以,应以允许变更给付标的之简单外币债务作为构建任意性规范的基础。由债务人决定给付标的变更的比较法立场缺乏充足理据。《民法典》第514条交由债权人变更给付标的之规范模式,有助于阻却当事人的投机行为。相较于实际支付日方案、债权人有限选择的修订方案,根据债务届期日的通行汇率划定债务范围可维持债务关系的稳定。外币债务可以与其他金钱债务抵销,除非被动债权的可替代性已被排除。Against the backdrop of China's unwavering commitment to advancing high-level opening-up,private transactions are increasingly likely to involve foreign currency debt.However,there are significant disputes over the issues of the subject matter of payment,the scope of debt,and the alternatives for performance regarding the question of“how to discharge a foreign currency debt.”Therefore,it is necessary to construct a doctrinal normative system for the performance of foreign currency debt based on Article 514 of the Civil Code to address practical issues and fill theoretical gaps.Since the property value of monetary debt is separable from the object of performance,the foundation for constructing discretionary norms should be the concept of simple foreign currency debt,which allows for changes in the object of performance.The comparative law position that grants the debtor the right to change the object of performance lacks sufficient justification.The normative model under Article 514 of the Civil Code,which grants the creditor the right to alter the object of performance,helps prevent opportunistic behavior by the parties.Among various approaches—such as the actual payment date scheme and a revised scheme that limits the creditor's choice—determining the scope of the debt based on the prevailing exchange rate on the due date better maintains the stability of debt relationships.Foreign currency debt can be offset against other monetary debts unless the substitutability of the passive claim has been explicitly excluded.

关 键 词：金钱债务 外币债务 代替权 汇率 抵销 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]