违反勤勉义务民事责任的司法认定侵权模式的反思与改进  

Judicial Determination of Civil Liability for Breach of Duty of Diligence Reflection and Improvement on the Tort Model

作　　者：吴维锭 Wu Weiding

机构地区：[1]湖南大学法学院

出　　处：《中外法学》2025年第2期540-559,共20页Peking University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“优化营商环境视角下营业权利保护研究”(项目编号:20AFX018)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在违反勤勉义务民事责任的认定上,我国学界主流观点采侵权模式,然而我国司法实践并未完全遵循侵权模式,而呈现出一定的特殊性。这表现在:司法实践并不单独讨论主观过错要素;公司损失不局限于财产权损失;构成要件的认定上存在结果导向。司法实践中的这种特殊性根源于董事与公司之间特别的委任法律关系。因此,须关照董事与公司之间的委任法律关系以改进传统侵权模式。构成要件上,主观过错的认定应当融入行为违反勤勉义务的认定中;行为违反勤勉义务的认定上,应当结合董事勤勉义务的具体类型进行分类讨论;公司损失应包括财产权损失、纯粹经济损失和维持公司程式的利益损失等;因果关系的认定须特别关注集体决议机制的影响。法律效果上,民事责任不局限于损害赔偿责任;损害赔偿责任之具体厘定,须特别关注维持公司程式的利益损失的计量、可预见性规则和损益相抵规则的引入以及多个违反勤勉义务的董事与公司之间以及董事内部的损害赔偿法律关系。In determining civil liability for breaches of the duty of diligence,the dominant view in Chinese academia follows a tort-based approach.However,Chinese judicial practice has not strictly followed this model and exhibits certain unique characteristics.These characteristics include the absence of an independent discussion on subjective fault,the recognition of company losses beyond mere losses of property rights and a results-oriented approach in determining the constitutive elements of liability.The root of these particularities in judicial practice lies in the special mandate-based legal relationship between directors and the company.Therefore,improving the traditional tort-based model requires consideration of this mandate relationship.Regarding the constitutive elements,the determination of subjective fault should be integrated into the assessment of whether the director has violated the duty of diligence.The identification of such a violation should be classified according to the specific type of duty of diligence owed by the director.Company losses should include not only losses of property rights but also pure economic losses and losses related to maintaining corporate procedural integrity.In assessing causation,special attention must be given to the impact of collective decision-making mechanisms.As for the legal consequences,civil liability should not be limited to damages compensation.The specific determination of damages must pay special attention to the quantification of losses related to maintaining corporate procedural integrity,the introduction of the foreseeability rule and the rule of offsetting benefits against losses,as well as the legal relationships among multiple directors who have breached their duty of diligence and between such directors and the company.

关 键 词：信义义务 违信责任 勤勉义务 公司利益 注意义务 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]