中国技术创新举国体制:演进阶段、底层逻辑和实践路径  

Concentrating National Resources in China for Technological Innovation:Evolution Stages,Underlying Logic and Practical Path

作　　者：欧阳峣 Ouyang Yao(School of Economics,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学经济学院

出　　处：《经济社会体制比较》2025年第2期18-23,共6页Comparative Economic & Social Systems

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国式创新的综合优势、模式演进及体制机制的经济学研究”(项目编号:22&ZD052)。

摘　　要：中国技术创新举国体制的演进经历了三个阶段,即以国防建设为重心的阶段、以经济建设为重心的阶段和以自立自强为重心的阶段。从底层逻辑来看,中国技术创新举国体制基于三个基本国情:超大规模国家要求增强创新体系整体效能,后发追赶国家要求利用政府引导力量,社会主义国家有利于组织协同攻关。改革开放以后,中国技术创新举国体制实现了从国防建设到产业发展为主、从专项任务到长期攻关为主、从计划体制到市场配置为主的转变,逐步形成了社会主义市场经济条件下的新型举国体制。文章通过回顾中国技术创新举国体制的演进阶段,探讨其底层逻辑和转型方向,并在此基础上,根据党的二十届三中全会精神阐述了健全技术创新新型举国体制的实践路径:发挥超大规模市场引领作用,统筹协调技术创新资源和研发力量;加强国家战略科技力量建设,完善国家实验室和重大基础设施;改进科技计划和项目制管理,组织基础领域和重点领域联合攻关;强化企业的技术创新主体地位,建立培育壮大科技领军企业机制。The evolution of China's national system for technological innovation has progressed through three major stages:a stage centered on national defense development,a stage focused on economic construction,and a current stage emphasizing self-reliance and self-strengthening.At the level of fundamental logic,this system is underpinned by three basic national conditions:the immense scale of the country necessitates enhancing the comprehensive efficiency of the innovation system;as a late-developing nation,China must leverage the guiding role of government;and as a socialist state,it possesses institutional advantages in organizing coordinated scientific breakthroughs.Since the inception of reform and opening up,China's national innovation system has undergone a transformation-from prioritizing defense to focusing on industrial development,from task-specific missions to long-term strategic efforts,and from a planned economy to a market-oriented allocation of resources-gradually giving rise to a new model of national system within the framework of the socialist market economy.This paper reviews the evolutionary stages of China's national innovation system,explores its foundational logic and direction of transformation,and-guided by the spirit of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Third Plenary Session-proposes practical pathways to improve the system:harness the guiding role of a vast domestic market,coordinate resources and R&D capabilities;strengthen the nation's strategic scientific and technological capacities,perfect national laboratories and major infrastructure;reform the management of science and technology programs and project mechanisms,and organize joint problem-solving in both foundational and key areas;reinforce the central role of enterprises in technological innovation,and establish mechanisms to cultivate and expand leading tech enterprises.

关 键 词：技术创新 举国体制 演进阶段 底层逻辑 实践路径 

分 类 号：F124.3[经济管理—世界经济]