行政微小案件的执法困境及其纾解  

The Enforcement Dilemma and Solutions for Minor Administrative Cases

作　　者：冉崇潇 RAN Chong-xiao(Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期109-117,共9页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：作为行政处罚执行的基石,处罚法定原则要求行政机关依照部门行政法规定的处罚种类与幅度实施处罚,受此影响,行政机关在处理行政处罚案件时存在机械适用法律、架空《行政处罚法》总则地位等执法失当的现象,并由此导致行政微小案件高额罚款频繁出现。针对此类执法问题,学界分别从“修改相关法律”和“实现个案正义”两条进路给出了不同的解决方案。前者主张摒弃立法重罚主义的倾向,修改相关法律,但现阶段重典治乱的理念符合公众期望;后者则从法律执行角度,主张行政处罚应契合个案正义,行政机关可依据道德、正义等法外因素,突破实证法限制,对行政微小案件予以减轻处罚。然而,后一见解模糊了依法行政的经典内涵,可能导致对一般法律条款的滥用。我国《行政处罚法》在2021年修订时,明确了“法有明文规定应合理处罚”与“法无明文规定可不予处罚”两种执法模式,但仍未能有效解决行政机关对行政微小案件予以重罚的问题。为此,应进一步夯实《行政处罚法》的总则地位,逐渐建立对“相当性”的判断标准,增设酌定减轻处罚规范。The principle of statutory punishment,as the foundation of administrative penalties,requires that administrative agencies impose penalties within the types and ranges prescribed by administrative law.This mandate has led to issues such as rigid application of the law and undermining of the general principles established in the Administrative Penalty Law,often resulting in disproportionately high fines in minor administrative cases.Scholars have proposed different solutions from two main approaches to address these enforcement issues:“revising relevant laws”and“promoting case-specific justice.”The first approach advocates moving away from a legislative focus on heavy penalties by amending relevant laws,although the current preference for strict enforcement aligns with public expectations.The second approach,which emphasizes the need for case-specific justice,suggests that administrative agencies consider factors beyond the law,such as morality and fairness,to reduce penalties for minor cases.However,the latter perspective risks weakening the traditional rule of law and could lead to the misuse of general legal provisions.China's 2021 revision of the Administrative Penalty Law introduced two enforcement models:“reasonable punishment where the law explicitly stipulates”and“no punishment where the law does not explicitly stipulate.”Yet,this has not effectively addressed the issue of excessive penalties in minor cases.For this purpose,the Administrative Penalty Law's general principles should be further reinforced,standards for assessing“proportionality”should be gradually developed,and discretionary mitigation rules should be introduced.

关 键 词：行政微小案件 行政处罚 行政执法 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]