轻微犯罪记录封存的法律定位与制度构建  

The Legal Nature and Institutional Framework for Sealing Minor Criminal Records

作　　者：时延安[1] Shi Yanan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2025年第2期18-31,共14页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：建立轻微犯罪记录封存制度,是继续大力推进我国社会主义法治建设的一项重要内容。对这一制度进行设计,应参考但不能完全采用未成年人犯罪记录封存制度的思路,同时应合理借鉴一些国家有关前科消灭、复权制度的有益经验。建立这一制度,应将轻微犯罪人的再社会化作为主轴,将平等权和劳动权的及时恢复作为制度设计的法理基础,以隐私权和个人信息权的充分保护作为制度设计的着力点,区分轻微犯罪人的类型来规定应否免除前科报告义务,还应制定相应的程序性规定,并赋予轻微犯罪人一定的程序性权利。通过建立并实施这一制度,可以为构建符合我国犯罪治理需要的复权制度创造条件,进而充分发挥社会主义刑事法治的优越性。The establishment of a minor criminal record sealing system represents a critical initiative in advancing socialist rule of law in China.While drawing conceptual parallels with juvenile record expungement mechanisms,this institutional design must avoid uncritical replication and instead selectively integrate international best practices in criminal record elimination and rights restoration.The proposed framework prioritizes offender rehabilitation through three normative pillars:(i)reinstating equality and labor rights serving as the legal foundation for social reintegration;(ii)safeguarding privacy and personal information rights through tiered disclosure exemptions based on offense categories;(iii)establishing procedural guarantees for record-sealing applications.This tripartite approach aims to develop a rights restoration regime aligned with China's crime governance objectives,thereby leveraging the inherent advantages of socialist rule of law.

关 键 词：轻微犯罪记录封存 前科消灭 复权 定罪附随后果 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]